The Language of Argument
3 1 Uses of Arguments What are arguments? In our view, arguments are tools, so the first step toward understanding arguments is ...
4 C H A P T E R 1 ■ U s e s o f A r g u m e n t s This definition does not pretend to be precise, but it does tell us what argu- ...
5 J u s t i f i c a t i o n s you. What else do I want? My additional aim is to show you that you should change your mind, and w ...
6 C H A P T E R 1 ■ U s e s o f A r g u m e n t s I have reasons and what my reasons are, regardless of whether you believe that ...
7 Explanations EXPLANATIONS A different but equally important use of arguments is to provide explana- tions. Explanations answer ...
8 C H A P T E R 1 ■ U s e s o f A r g u m e n t s line. By “initial conditions” we mean those facts in the context that, togethe ...
9 E x p l a n a t i o n s has been done. Archimedes simultaneously proved and explained the law of buoyancy by deriving it from ...
1 0 C H A P T E R 1 ■ U s e s o f A r g u m e n t s Combinations: An Example Although justification and explanation are distinct ...
1 1 C o m b i n a t i o n s : A n E x a m p l e observations or runs scientific tests that provide premises for another argument ...
1 2 C H A P T E R 1 ■ U s e s o f A r g u m e n t s Even if Madison had no justification, she still might have had an excuse. Wh ...
1 3 C o m b i n a t i o n s : A n E x a m p l e standard. In this case, as in many others, it is not enough just to be able to i ...
1 4 C H A P T E R 1 ■ U s e s o f A r g u m e n t s nuclear weapon, in violation of Iraq’s UN obligations. Saddam Hussein al- re ...
1 5 C o m b i n a t i o n s : A n E x a m p l e This incident, linked with the tubes, is another indicator of Iraq’s attempt to ...
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1 7 2 The Web of Language Arguments are made up of language, so we cannot understand arguments without first understanding langu ...
1 8 C H A P T E R 2 ■ T h e W e b o f L a n g u a g e The conventions of our own language are so much with us that it strikes us ...
1 9 Linguistic Acts certain death to shout out, “By ‘birth’ I mean death.” It will not help even if everyone agrees to use these ...
2 0 C H A P T E R 2 ■ T h e W e b o f L a n g u a g e Wilbur Jones. Still, given that his name is not Wilbur, it would be improp ...
2 1 L i n g u i s t i c A c t s Examples like these show that sentences can have linguistic meaning when they seem meaningless. ...
2 2 C H A P T E R 2 ■ T h e W e b o f L a n g u a g e Speech Acts When asked about the function of language, it is natural to re ...
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