The Language of Argument

1 5 6

C H A P T E R 7 ■ C a t e g o r i c a l L o g i c

Using just the four basic categorical forms, indicate what information is given

in each of the following diagrams:

Example:

Exercise I

S P

No S is P.

Some S is not P.

Some P is not S.

No P is S.

S P S P

S * P

1. 2.

S P

3. 4.

**

S P

5.

S P

6.

S P

7.

S P

8.

Translation into the Basic Categorical Forms

Propositions with the specific A, E, I, and O forms do not appear often in eve-

ryday conversations. Normal people rarely say things like “All whales are

mammals. All mammals breathe air. Therefore, all whales breathe air.” Most

people talk more like this: “Whales breathe air, since they’re mammals.” Thus,

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