The Language of Argument

2 2 4

C H A P T E R 1 0 ■ C a u s a l R e a s o n i n g

Plug     CPU     Monitor     Software    Result

Case 1 ln Old CPU Old MO Old SW Works

Case 2 ln Old CPU Old MO New SW Works

Case 3 ln Old CPU New MO Old SW Fails

Case 4 ln Old CPU New MO New SW Works

Case 5 ln Old CPU Old MO Old SW Works

Case 6 ln Old CPU Old MO New SW Works

Case 7 ln Old CPU New MO Old SW Fails

Case 8 ln Old CPU New MO New SW Works

Case 9 ln New CPU Old MO Old SW Fails

Case 10 ln New CPU Old MO New SW Works

Case 11 ln New CPU New MO Old SW Fails

Case 12 ln New CPU New MO New SW Works

After a banquet, several diners get sick and die. You suspect that something

they ate or drank caused their deaths. The following table records their meals

and fates. The target feature is death. The candidates for necessary conditions

and sufficient conditions of death are the soup, entrée, wine, and dessert. For

each candidate, say (1) which cases, if any, eliminate it as a sufficient condition

of death and (2) which cases, if any, eliminate it as a necessary condition of

death. Which candidates, if any, are not eliminated as a sufficient condition of

death? Which candidates, if any, are not eliminated as a necessary condition

of death? Does it follow that these candidates are necessary conditions or

sufficient conditions of death? Why or why not?

Diners   Soup    Entrée  Wine    Dessert     Result

Ann Tomato Chicken White Pie Alive

Barney Tomato Fish Red Cake Alive

Cathy Tomato Beef Red Ice Cream Dead

Doug Tomato Beef Red Cake Alive

Emily Tomato Fish Red Pie Alive

Fred Tomato Fish Red Cake Alive

Gertrude Leek Fish White Pie Alive

Harold Tomato Beef White Cake Alive

Irma Leek Fish Red Pie Alive

Jack Leek Beef Red Ice Cream Dead

Ken Leek Chicken Red Ice Cream Alive

Leslie Tomato Chicken White Cake Alive

Exercise V

97364_ch10_ptg01_215-238.indd 224 15/11/13 10:48 AM

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