4 9 6I n d e xappeals to emotion, 319–321
appeals to fear, 320
appeals to pity, 319
appeals to popular opinion,
318–319
appeals to tradition, 319
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 451
Archimedes, 9
“Argument Clinic,” 3
argument form. See also standard
form of arguments
definition, 7–8
modus ponens, 92, 137
process of elimination, 92, 125–126
in propositional logic, 119–120
testing for validity, 128–132, 134
argument from interests, 415–416
argument from the heap, 278–280
argument markers, 41–44, 62–63, 72
argument reconstruction, 103
“An Argument that Abortion Is
Wrong” (Marquis), 409–421
argumentative devices, 62–63
argumentative performatives, 24,
43, 62
arguments, 3, 14
combinations of explanations and
justifications, 10–13
definition, 3–4
explanations, 7–12, 196–201, 207
formal analysis of, 113–114
justifications, 4–7, 196–197
patterns in, 44
reasons in, 41, 46
soundness of, 94, 323
standard form of, 45–46, 79–82, 102
standards for evaluation, 54–55,
90–95, 180
subargument arrangement,
85–90, 102
suppressed premises, 96–102
validity of, 91–93
validity vs. soundness, 94
Aristotle, 275
arrow, in chain of reasoning, 86–87
Articles of Religion, 458
assumptions, 8, 11, 227–229, 233
assuring, 48–49, 62–63, 69–72, 81–82
atheism, 340, 449atom, splitting of, 315
audience, 71
Austin, J.L., 23–24, 39n1
authorities, citing, 48
authority, appeals to, 10–11, 307,
314–318
availability heuristic, 242–243Bakke case, 364–368, 376–378
bargain, 55
Bayes, Thomas, 254
Bayes’s theorem, 253–261
Beebe, Andrew, 72–73
begging the question, 325–328
Behe, Michael J., 426, 441–445
benign, remedial purpose, 366
Bennett, William, 288
best explanation, inferences to,
195–204
beyond a reasonable doubt, 354, 381
biased sampling, 186–187
biconditionals, 146–147
Big Bang theory, 451–452
Blackmun, Harry, 365
Bohr, Niels, 426
Bollinger, Lee, 368
borderline cases, 276, 279
brain activity, as condition of person-
hood, 388
branching tree diagram, 87
Brennan, William, 365–368
Breyer, Stephen, 370
Brothers Karamazov, The
(Dostoevsky), 461
Brown v. Board of Education,
354–355, 364
buoyancy, law of, 8
burden of proof, 354, 381–382
Bureau of Land Management, 74–75,
89–90
Burger, Warren, 283
Burt, Cyril, 316
Bush, George W., 341–342
“but,” 51California v. Carney, 283
Calvin and Hobbes, 42997364_index_ptg01_495-512.indd 496 15/11/13 12:50 PM
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiallyCopyright 201^3 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.