The Language of Argument

5 0 0

I n d e x

Downey, Michael, 210–212

Doyle, Arthur Conan, 213

Eddington, A.S., 439

Edwards, John, 80

Ehrman, Bart, 458n

Einstein, Albert, 315–316, 426, 428

either-or sentences, 44, 122. See also

disjunction

elimination, process of, 92, 125–126

emotion, appeals to, 319–321

Enquiry Concerning Human

Understanding (Hume), 193

ensoulment, as condition of

personhood, 388

enthymeme, 97

Equal Exchange Coffee, 76

equal probabilities, 269–270

Equal Protection Clause,

361–362

equality, 383–384, 416–417

equivocation, fallacy of,

295–299, 301

Establishment Clause, 426

evaluative language, 54–57

in close analysis, 62, 68–70

vs. descriptive terms, 56

standards in, 180

terms, 55–56

used to perform conversational

acts, 54

used to perform speech acts, 54

“even if” in arguments, 52

“even though” in arguments, 52

everyday language, 142–148

evidence, 354

evolution, theory of, 338, 425,

427–440, 461, 461n. See also

natural selection, theory of

exaggeration, 36

excess verbiage, trick of, 80

exclusive disjunction, 132–134,

248–250

excuses, 12, 69

existential commitment, 161–162

expected monetary value,

263–266

expected overall value, 266–268

expected utility, 267

explanations, 7–10

in arguments from analogy,

207–208

causal, 216

conservative, 199–200

definition, 7

depth of, 198

example of, 10–13

excuses as, 12, 69

inferences to the best explanation,

196–201

vs. justification, 7

modesty of, 199

power of, 198–199

scientific reasoning and, 423

simplicity of, 199

explicit performatives, 23, 26

expressing emotion, 54

extent, 49

factors, weighing, 394–395

fairness, 391

fairness slippery slope arguments,

282–284

fallacies of ambiguity, 291–305

ambiguity, 83, 291–295

definitions, 299–305

disambiguating, 293, 300–301

equivocation, 295–299, 301

semantic ambiguity, 293

syntactic ambiguity, 293

fallacies of probability, 239–243. See

also probability

gambler’s fallacy, 239–241

heuristics, 241–243

fallacies of relevance, 275–289

ad hominem arguments, 308–314,

328–332

appeals to authority, 10–11, 64,

314–318

appeals to emotion, 319–321

appeals to fear, 320

appeals to pity, 319–320

appeals to popular opinion,

318–319

appeals to tradition, 319

red herring, 80, 308

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