The Language of Argument

5 0 5

I n d e x

original sin, 457

overall value, expected, 266–268

overstatement, 36

Oxford American Dictionary, 300

Paley, William, 212–213, 214n8

parade of horrors, 67, 285

parallel reasoning, refutation by,

343–349

particular affirmatives, 155

particular negatives, 155

particular propositions, 155

patterns in arguments, 44

Paul, St., 457n, 458n

Peirce, Charles Sanders, 213n1

performative verbs, 26–27

performatives, 23–27

permutations, 250–251

personal justification, 5

personhood, conditions of, 388–389

petitio principii, 328

philosophical reasoning, 465–494

computers’ ability to think, 465–493

God and, 471

“Defense of Free Will Skepticism,

A” (Pereboom), 483–494

“Sanity and The Metaphysics

of Responsibility,” (Wolf),

469–483

“Piece of ‘God’s Handiwork’, A”

(Redford), 74–76, 89–90

pity, appeals to, 319–320

Plessy v. Ferguson, 340, 357–362

plus sign, 88

polls, opinion, 183–184

popular opinion, appeals to, 318–319

positive conclusions, 226–228

positive correlation, 235–236

potentiality objection, 415

Potter, Stewart, 106

Powell, Colin, 13

Powell, Lewis, 365–368, 376, 379

power of explanation, 198–199

precedents, 357–361

precising definitions, 301–302

predestination, 457, 459–462

predicate nominative, 164

predicate term, 164, 167

prediction, 8, 216, 196, 424

preferential treatment quota, 368

prejudice, 187–188

premises

acceptance of, 184–185

arrangement of subarguments,

85–89

begging the question, 324–327

circularity and, 323–324

clarification of terms, 83–85

in close analysis, 64

in deep analysis, 79–82

definition, 3–4

equivocation and, 295–297

false conclusions and, 91–93

guarding and, 49–51

hidden, 100

major, 167

minor, 167

reconstruction of arguments,

102–104

refutation, 333–334, 343–346

rejection of, 6–7

soundness and, 94

standard form and, 7–8, 46

suppressed, 96–104

validity and, 91–94, 114, 119–120,

128–131, 142–144

in Venn diagrams, 162–164

preponderance of evidence,

354, 381

prescribing action, 54

prima facie case, 381

probabilistic version of statistical

syllogism, 193n1

probability, 239–261, 263–272

a priori, 216, 244–246

Bayes’s theorem, 253–261

conditionals, 247, 257

conjunction, 52, 114–121, 142,

247–248

in choices, 263–272

disjunction with exclusivity,

132–134, 248–249

equal probabilities, 269–270

gambler’s fallacy, 239–241

heuristics, 241–243

language of, 243–244

laws of, 246–253

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