The Language of Argument

5 0 6

I n d e x

negation, 122–125, 246–247

series with independence,

250–251

probability phrases, 49

probability rules, 246–253

permutations and combinations,

250–251

of conjunctions, 247–248

of disjunctions, 248–249

of negations, 246–247

in a series, 249–250

probability scale, 244

problem clarification, 384–386

problem of equality, 416–417

process of elimination, 92, 125–126

pro-choice argument, 387–392. See

also abortion

pro-life argument, 385–387. See also

abortion

propositional conditionals, 43–45,

135, 137, 140, 145

propositional conjunction, 117

propositional connectives, 114–134

conjunction, 52, 114–121, 142,

247–248

definition, 114

disjunction, 122, 126, 142

exclusive disjunction, 132–134,

248–249

negation, 122–125, 246–247

truth-functional connectives,

126–128

truth-functionally equivalent,

133–134

validity testing, 128–132,

144, 163

propositional form, 115–116

propositional logic, 113–150

argument form in, 119–120

vs. categorical logic, 151–152

conditionals, 43–45, 134–150

formal analysis of arguments,

113–114

validity and, 119–121

propositional variables, 151

propositions, 155

psychic powers, 315

psychoanalytic theory, 329

purpose, 71

quality, rule of

contingent facts, 97–99

definition, 31

and rhetorical devices, 36, 37

quantity, rule of

contingent facts, 97

definition, 31

linguistic principles, 99–100

and rhetorical devices, 36–37

violations of, 80, 122, 144–145, 147

questions of fact, 354–355, 383

questions of law, 355–361

quotas, 368

racial segregation, 340

raising objections, 68

Randi, James, 315

range of moral principles, 384

rape, 387–388, 392–393. See also

abortion; violinist analogy, and

abortion

ratio decidendi, 358

rationality, as condition of

personhood, 388–389

rational-relation test, 362–363, 381

Reagan, Ronald, 139, 390, 395

reason markers, 42–43

reasoning, chain of, 86–88

reasons. See premises

reconstruction method, 102–103

red herring, 80, 308

Redford, Robert, 74–76, 89–90

reductio ad absurdum, 337–340

reference class, 189, 190–192

refutation, 333–349

counterexamples, 335–337

definition, 333

false dichotomies, 341–342

forms of, 333

by parallel reasoning, 343–349

reductio ad absurdum, 337–340

straw man, 52, 64–65, 341–342

Regents of the University of California v.

Bakke, 364–369, 375–376

Rehnquist, William, 365, 373

Reid, Thomas, 214n6

relevance, fallacies of. See fallacies of

relevance

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