5 0 9I n d e xterm clarification, in deep analysis, 83
terrorist attacks, 320
theists, 449
“then” in arguments, 42
theoretical definitions, 302–303
thereby test, 23–24
“therefore” in arguments, 41–42, 46
“therefore” symbol, 7–8, 46
Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 392–394
“though” in arguments, 51–52
“Threat Down, The” (Colbert), 320
Through the Looking Glass (Carroll), 18
tilde, 123
torture, 305
tradition, appeals to, 319
Treatise of Human Nature (Hume), 193
“trick” argument, 66
trick of abusive assurances, 49
trick of excess verbiage, 80
trick of the disappearing guard, 51
“Trivia and Significa” (Smith),
109–110
true positives, 253–254
Truman, Harry, 186–187
truth, 19, 32, 93–94, 102
truth conditions, 114–115
truth function, 126–128
truth tables
for conditionals, 136–142
logical connectives and, 133–134
testing for validity, 129–130
vs. Venn diagrams, 163
truth-functional connectives,
126–128
truth-functionally equivalent,
133–134
tu quoque, 311
Tversky, Amos, 243, 261n1, 261n3uncertainty, decision under, 268
uncertainty, exploitation of, 390
unclarity, uses of, 275
unfairness, 391
United Nations, 79–80
United Steelworkers of America v.
Weber, 368
universal affirmatives, 155
universal claims, 334–335universal conclusion, 183
universal discounting, 329–330
universal negatives, 155
universal propositions, 155
universe, origins of, 451–452
University of California at Davis, 364
University of Michigan, 368–369
“unless” in arguments, 148
unsoundness, 94
unstated premises, 100
U.S. v. Cruikshank, 362
Utilitarianism (Mill), 296
utility, expected, 267vacuity, fallacies of. See fallacies of
vacuity
vagueness, 83, 276–278, 390. See also
fallacies of vagueness
vagueness, fallacies of. See fallacies of
vagueness
validity, 91–93
argument reconstruction, 102–103
for categorical arguments, 162–175
and circularity, 323–324
concept of, 113
as deductive standard, 180–182
vs. following from, 91
Grice on, 144–145
in propositional logic, 152
vs. soundness, 94
testing for, 128–132, 144, 163
testing syllogisms for, 169–173
Vallone, Robert, 261n3
Venn, John, 153
Venn diagrams
basic categorical forms, 155–156
categorical propositions, 152–155
contradictories, 159–160
definition, 153
immediate inferences, 164–166
for syllogisms, 168
testing syllogisms for validity,
169–173
vs. truth tables, 163
validity for categorical arguments,
162–175
viability, as condition of personhood,
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