3 9S u m m a r yNOTES
(^1) J. L. Austin used the phrase “locutionary act” to refer to a level of language closely related
to what we refer to as a “linguistic act.” See J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words, 2nd ed.
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 94–109.
(^2) See, for example, J. L. Austin’s How to Do Things with Words.
(^3) An example of the continuous present is “I bet ten dollars every week in the lottery.” Since this
sentence is not used to make a bet, this sentence and others with the continuous present do not
pass the thereby test or express explicit performatives.
(^4) Austin calls speech acts “illocutionary acts.” See How to Do Things with Words, 98–132.
(^5) Supreme Court of New Hampshire, 1929, 84 N.H. 114, A. 641.
(^6) This discussion of conversational rules and implications is based on Paul Grice’s important es-
say, “Logic and Conversation,” which appears as the second chapter of his Studies in the Way of
Words (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989). To avoid British references that some
readers might find perplexing, we have sometimes altered Grice’s wording.
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