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turkey 489A. Veale, From child soldier to ex-fighter. Female fighters,
demobilization and reintegration in Ethiopia, Pretoria
2003.Gwendolyn MikellTurkeyOne of the foundational myths of Turkish
nationalism is that the Turkish nation is a military
nation; that “every Turk is born a soldier” (Altınay
forthcoming). This entry addresses the implications
of this myth for women in terms of military service
and citizenship and women’s participation in the
military as officers.
Military service is compulsory for all males, cur-
rently for fifteen months at the age of 21 (six to
twelve months for university graduates). The law
that regulates this citizenship practice was passed in
1927 after a brief discussion in the parliament.
Upon the reading of the first article, which made
military service obligatory for all males, one mem-
ber questioned its implications for women: “If vot-
ing and becoming a candidate is a national issue,
participating in the country’s defense is also a simi-
lar right, a similar duty.... I would like to ask
whether you have taken women’s services into con-
sideration, or to what extent” (TBMM 1927, 385).
The suggestion that women’s participation in the
military should be considered was not taken seri-
ously by other law-makers in 1927, but it has arisen
several times since then. The most recent attempts
were in 1996, initiated by the minister of defense
(Çalıçlar 1996), and in 1999, initiated by a woman
member of the parliament (Hürriyet1999). Neither
of these proposals went much further, but both
sparked heated debate.
“Nationalist projects are simultaneously gender
projects” (Walby 1996). The 1927 debate reveals
the extent to which the compulsory military service
law was as much a part of the state’s gender project
as it was of its nationalist project. It also reveals
that the law-makers were quite aware of this. By
bringing male citizens together in the barracks and
separating them from female citizens, law-makers
were creating a major source of gender difference
that was defined and administered by the state. As
in many other nation-states, in Turkey masculinity,
first-class citizenship, the state, and the military
have been interwoven through continuous and
compulsory male military service (Enloe 2000,
Nagel 1998).
The first woman to serve in the Turkish military
after the independence war was Sabiha Gökçen