involves gender mainstreaming in United Nations
reporting systems and stresses the need to incorpo-
rate gender mainstreaming in all aspects of the
political decision-making processes among the mem-
ber states, particularly during the peace-building
and post-conflict reconstruction phase (Naraghi-
Anderlini 2000).Gender variable in peacekeeping
and conflict management: Arab
women
Despite the groundbreaking advances of Reso-
lution 1325, the issues of war, peacekeeping, con-
flict management, and security are still identified
under the patriarchal rubric of political, economic,
and military characteristics. These characteristics
highlight the pervasive violence against women
during conflict, which often persists after armed
conflict in the form of domestic violence against
women. The most significant factor contributing to
the exclusion of women from participating in
peacekeeping and conflict management operations
is the lack of political opportunities afforded to
encourage, and in many cases even allow, the polit-
ical participation of women in the decision-making
process that directly affects their lives.
A study conducted by the United Nations Sec-
urity Council in October 2002 indicates that first,
a mere cessation of hostilities does not bring an end
to intra-state conflict. To end conflict, the creation
of sustainable peace by means of fundamental soci-
etal change is required. Such change includes
democracy, good governance, human rights, the
rule of law, and gender equality. If half the popula-
tion – women – are excluded from the equation,
these changes simply do not occur. Second, lasting
peace must be “home grown” and based on indige-
nous processes. Local women hold communities
together during conflict, organize political move-
ments, manage relief efforts and rebuild societies
(United Nations Press Release SC7467).
Based on the findings of the Security Council’s
report, it may be safely concluded that the highly
militarized and patriarchal approaches to peace-
keeping missions and conflict management activi-
ties must be reconstructed to include a gendered
perspective in order to be effective and allow for
sustainable peace. Given that the first peacekeeping
mission is still in effect 56 years after it was initiated
provides enough evidence for the inadequacy of the
existing structures.Bibliography
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peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CSW/ELTheme22004>.Norma T. NemehThe Caucasus and TurkeyIn the sub-region of the Caucasus and Turkey a
variety of recent conflicts have given rise to efforts
at peacekeeping and conflict management in which
women have played increasingly visible roles. The
conflicts have taken place along religious, ethnic,
and socioeconomic lines in modernizing states,
each of which has a history of empire; these features
are all factors in the conflicts and their resolution.