from the public domain is part of women’s general
critique and contestation of the republican project
of modernity, which failed to ensure full equal
rights and responsibilities of citizenship for them.
However, it was the view of the women’s movement
that gender inequality was not only due to the fail-
ure of the “liberal contract” but also to the deeply
patriarchal religio-cultural context of the country.
It was here that the Islamist and secular women
parted ways. Islamist women stopped short of chal-
lenging the dominant patriarchal order, and more-
over, “otherized” all women reluctant to accept an
Islamic lifestyle. The body of the covered woman
was declared “sacred” whereas that of the secular
woman a “sexual object,” and she was seen as an
accomplice of the secular “lowly moral order”
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