cebran zina 700
chaadar 500
chaadaree 335, 500
chachvan 498, 587
chador 287, 309, 432, 482, 639, 727
chakar 801
chakar zanìh 800
chàrbaytì 478
charitable trust (see waqf)
charshaf 779
chastity 16, 128, 143, 204, 206, 211, 215,
218–219, 262, 307, 409, 427, 453, 496, 568,
710, 738, 752
child custody 8, 10, 31, 83, 101, 110, 112,
117–118, 120, 124, 202, 287, 298, 307, 333,
383, 384–385, 392, 425–426, 468, 556, 580, 590,
687
child widows 644
çikup cebr ile 699
circumcision
female circumcision (see also female genital
mutilation) 23, 173, 205, 278, 280, 413, 453,
527, 585, 614
male circumcision 19, 163, 234, 528–529, 711,
732
sunnacircumcision 404
citizenship 19–33, 154–155
authentic citizenship 21
second-class citizenship 21–22, 120, 288
civil law 6, 27, 146, 161, 252, 303, 351, 368, 371,
458, 556, 585, 608, 674, 723, 741
civil society 34–58, 672–673
clientelism 538–542
clitoridectomy 585, 691
codification 73, 287, 388, 394, 424, 450, 463, 465,
469, 552, 664
customary law 76, 402, 414–415, 425
family law 392, 397, 458, 464, 469
Sharì≠a law 273, 367, 379, 399–400, 426
colonialism 59–77
comity 473
common law 27, 31–32, 378, 433, 437–438, 451
communal witness 376
communism 19, 42, 82, 94, 167, 219, 361, 364,
371, 551, 553, 567–568, 586, 625, 627, 636,
647–649, 652, 661, 663, 677, 679, 725, 752,
769, 780
comsomol 679
concubinage 64–65, 155, 454, 456
concubines 1, 64, 224, 257, 260, 328, 335, 350,
452, 454, 456, 459, 461, 502, 690–691
confessional courts 463
confessionalism 720–724
conflict management 543–550
constitutions 78–86
Coptic law 388, 464
crime of passion 122, 221–222, 225–227, 401,
403, 407, 410
criminal law 27, 43, 222, 399–410, 411, 417, 431,
434, 593, 597, 735
Islamic criminal law 27, 118, 158, 280, 397,
399–410, 429, 435, 475
cultural capital 750–751
cultural defense 411–413
cultural purity 294
cultural racism 30
custody 98–110
customary law 8, 27, 51, 59, 76, 78, 84, 269–270,
280, 303–304, 331–332, 334, 341–342, 351–352,
372, 375–376, 381, 384, 388–390, 392, 396–397,
402, 414–428, 435, 448–449, 463, 469, 636–637,
726dàdà 345
dàdash 345
dàì 345
dalits 287–288
Dàr al-£arb 621
Dàr al-Islàm 158, 166, 327, 777
daraja 64
∂arar 121–123, 278, 463–464, 466
dars 532, 536
dasturkhanchi 228
da≠wa 319, 323, 609, 648, 709–710, 717
dàyereh 478
deaconesses 10
decent systems 330–344
dede 713
deliklanlı 794
democracy ideologies 50–58, 87–96
democratization 21, 47–48, 51–52, 55, 85, 90, 96,
146, 181, 183, 276, 288, 553, 561–563, 585, 607,
629, 653–655, 657
dènak 800
desertion 99, 124, 201, 316, 380, 443, 468, 660
devçirme 693
dhakar 508
dhammàl 327
dhawùal-ar™àm 444
dhikr 327, 485, 536, 709, 711–712, 717, 733,
761–774
dìn wa-dawla 608, 725
direct rule 59, 75
diric 505
divorce 98–110, 454–456
legal doctrines 442–443, 448
diya 288, 343, 403, 406, 408–409, 698–699,
701, 801
domestic labor 6, 130, 135–136, 145, 207–208,
237–238, 247–248, 250, 352, 363, 472, 667
domestic violence 21, 46, 48, 56, 101, 104,
111–129, 142, 150, 199, 224, 238, 259, 262,
323, 352, 362–363, 369, 374, 380–381, 395,
399, 404, 406, 537, 544, 545, 561, 568, 590,
596, 598, 641, 675, 740, 783
domesticity 130–139
dongfang funü 745
dress code 28, 31, 53, 156, 169–170, 176, 182, 200,
287, 353, 363, 669, 707, 718, 792
drugs 118–119, 142, 238, 292, 375, 429, 431–432,
468, 792
du≠à± 536
dual jurisdiction 27
dùdag 800
dùdag-sàlàr 800–801
dukhshì 800
dukhtar 345–346
dukhtar-i tarsà 571
dupatta 503–504
durnam 217
d∆enaza 762≠ecemî 362
empowerment 13, 21, 28, 31, 41, 51, 57, 83, 95, 98,
138, 172, 184, 187, 208, 250, 271–272, 274, 278,
288, 291, 294–295, 322–323, 325, 440, 444, 447,
473–474, 479, 509, 527, 532–533, 564, 568,
585–586, 590–591, 593–595, 598, 604, 607,
609–611, 615, 639, 651, 655–656, 673, 687, 697,
713, 722–723, 732, 798subject index 829