Section Onebehavior.^101 Nonetheless, another empirical study that
employed an experimental design, with experimental and
control groups drawn from two companies, found increased
quitting behavior to be associated with training, financial
incentives, and competition.^102
There are several other examples of company actions in
this area. Cardinal Industries, which has a similar requirement,
pays for smoking cessation programs. At Pullman Company PTC
Aerospace, employees who smoke must pay an additional
charge for health insurance that other employees do not have
to pay. Litho Industries adopted a no-smoking policy for
employees both on and off the job. Likewise, a number of fire
and police departments have adopted comprehensive
no-smoking policies.^103 The stressful nature of these emergency
services and the prevalence of heart disease among firefighters
probably explain why these departments were early adopters of
no-smoking policies. The number of companies enforcing
no-smoking policies has increased substantially according to
surveys by the Bureau of National Affairs and the
Administrative Management Society.^104 As resistance to
no-smoking policies indicates, part of the investment com-
ponent may be the expense of defending the policies in
arbitration procedures or in court. Further, during the initial
year after employees stop smoking, their levels of absenteeism
and job tension increase while their job satisfaction declines.