154 ■ CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
on climate adaptation to date, a lack of opportunities for leadership, limited
knowledge on which to base decisions, a lack of resources for the provision
and maintenance of infrastructure systems, and an absence of issue framing
that has linked adaptation to pressing urban social, economic, and environ-
mental issues, with the result that adaptation has limited traction or support
on a local scale.
Notes
- We use the word “standard” to refer interchangeably to what also might be called
codes, criteria, guidelines, norms, laws, protocols, provisions, recommendations,
requirements, regulations, rules, or standards. Depending on the country, the “stan-
dard” may be contained in one document, be part of another larger document (such
as a general building code), or comprise several documents. - Th is research updates a similar study completed in 1994 on the worldwide status of
energy standards for buildings (Janda and Busch 1993, 1994). - See http://www.arch.hku.hk/research/BEER/besc.htm.
- See http://www.sustainable.org.za/greenbuilding/index.htm.
- Eligible car list (subject to question because preparers rely on automakers to pro-
vide information): http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/prob_
solutions/environment_friendly_private_cars.html#3. - Also see http://auto.sohu.com/20081013/n260001979.shtml.
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department website, http://www.epd.gov.hk/
epd/english/climate_change/transport.html. - See http://en.beijing2008.cn/bocog/environment/sports/n214159224.shtml.
References
Adaptive Building Initiative. 2009. http://adaptivebuildings.com/.
Adger, W., N. Arnell, and E. Tompkins. 2005. “Successful Adaptation to Climate Change
across Scales.” Global Environmental Change 15: 77–86.
Alam, M., and M. Rabbani. 2007. “Vulnerabilities and Responses to Climate Change for
Dhaka.” Environment and Urbanization 19: 81–97.
Alber, G., and K. Kern. 2008. “Governing Climate Change in Cities: Modes of Urban
Climate Governance in Multi-Level Systems.” OECD International Conference,
Competitive Cities and Climate Change, 2nd Annual Meeting of the OECD Round-
table Strategy for Urban Development, Milan, October 9–10. http://www.oecd.org/
document/32/0,3343,en_21571361_41059646_41440096_1_1_1_1,00.html.
Allman, L., P. Fleming, and A. Wallace. 2004. “Th e Progress of English and Welsh Local
Authorities in Addressing Climate Change.” Local Environment 9 (3): 271–83.
Bai, X. 2007. “Integrating Global Environmental Concerns into Urban Management:
Th e Scale and Readiness Arguments.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 11 (2): 15–29.