URBAN HEAT ISLANDS ■ 191Best, M. J. 2005. “Representing Urban Areas within Operational Numerical Weather Pre-
diction Models.” Boundary Layer Meteorology 114 (1): 91–109.
———. 2006. “Progress towards Better Weather Forecasts for City Dwellers: From Short
Range to Climate Change.” Th eoretical and Applied Climatology 84 (1–3): 47–55.
Best, M. J., C. S. B. Grimmond, and M. G. Villani. 2006. “Evaluation of the Urban Tile
in MOSES Using Surface Energy Balance Observations.” Boundary Layer Meteorology
118 (3): 503–25.
Brohan, P., J .J. Kennedy, I. Harris, S. F. B. Tett, and P. D. Jones. 2006. “Uncertainty Esti-
mates in Regional and Global Observed Temperature Changes: A New Data Set from
1850.” Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D12106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006548.
Buonomo, E., R. Jones, C. Huntingford, and J. Hannaford. 2007. “On the Robustness of
Changes in Extreme Precipitation over Europe from Two High Resolution Climate
Change Simulations.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 133 (622):
65–81.
Collins, M., B. B. B. Booth, G. Harris, J. M. Murphy, D. M. H. Sexton, and M. Webb. 2006.
“Towards Quantifying Uncertainty in Transient Climate Change.” Climate Dynamics
27: 127–47.
Essery, R. L. H., M. J. Best, R. A. Betts, P. M. Cox, and C. M. Taylor. 2003. “Explicit Rep-
resentation of Subgrid Heterogeneity in a GCM Land-Surface Scheme.” Journal of Hy-
drometeorology 4 (3): 530–35.
GLA (Greater London Authority). 2006. “London Energy and CO 2 Inventory (LECI)
2003.” Greater London Authority, London.
Howard, L. 1818. Th e Climate of London, Deduced from Meteorological Observations, Made
at Diff erent Places in the Neighbourhood of the Metropolis. 2 vols. London: W. Phillips.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. “Summary for Policymakers.”
In Climate Change 2007: Th e Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to
the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. S.
Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.
L. Miller, 1–18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Masson, V. 2006. “Urban Surface Modeling and the Meso-Scale Impact of Cities.” Th eoreti-
cal and Applied Climatology 84 (1–3): 35–45.
Nakićenović, N., and R. Swart, eds. 2000. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. IPCC
Special Report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oke, T. R. 1982. “Th e Energetic Basis of the Urban Heat Island.” Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Meteorological Society 108: 1–44.
Unger, J. 2006. “Modelling of the Annual Mean Maximum Urban Heat Island Using 2D
and 3D Surface Parameters.” Climate Research 30 (3): 215–26.
Wilby, R. 2003. “Past and Projected Trends in London’s Urban Heat Island.” We a t h e r 58:
251–60.