238 ■ CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
TABLE 9.2
Asset-Based Adaptation Framework for Long-Term Resilience against
Floods and Storms
Asset-based actions Institutions and actors
Household and neighborhood levels
Households choose to move to safer sites
(perhaps resulting in erosion of fi nancial and
social capital)
Households, housing fi nance agenciesHouseholds improve housing (providing better
protection against hazards); risk reduction
through community space management to
reduce local hazards (for example, install drains,
keep drains clear)
Households, CBOs, NGOsHouseholds protect productive assets Households
Households get insurance (property and
possessions) with implications for fi nancial capital
Insurance companies, NGOs,
community-based microinsuranceCommunity-based disaster-response and
preparedness training, including early-warning
systems, safe sites, and routes to them identifi ed
as preventative measures for human capital and
family fi rst aid
NGOs, CBOsMunicipal or city level
Local government provide or upgrade protective
infrastructure and adjust offi cial standards for
building and land use
In partnership with CBOs and NGOsLocal/city government support for household
and neighborhood action to improve dwellings
and infrastructure (including slum and squatter
upgrading)
Government agencies and
households, CBOs, NGOsCity/municipal hazard mapping and vulnerability
analysis as basis for identifying adaptation
strategy; land-use planning so settlements do
not end up in the most risky sites; and, where
needed, wetlands and fl oodplains are retained
and can fulfi ll their natural protective functions
Government agencies working with
NGOs and CBOsAt regional and national levels
Risk-reduction investments and actions that
are needed beyond city boundaries (such as
upstream or within watershed)
Local and extra-local governmentState framework to support the above Regional and national government
Source: Author.
Note: CBO = community-based organization; NGO = nongovernmental organization.