A CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK ■ 249respective implementing institutions. Recording of data is in the form of
pictures and fi eld memos.- Participatory research workshops: generating additional insights about
inter-institutional cooperation and barriers in the interactions between
selected key institutions; if possible, workshops will be organized with
institutions working in the selected communities together with community
groups participating in the PCCAA. Th ese will use a range of participatory
appraisal techniques.
Th is research is undertaken simultaneously as the PCCAA by one or two team
members.
Triangulation and Validation
Triangulation and validation of results of the programs just discussed are
undertaken through one of the two processes.
An action-planning exercise can be used to triangulate the results from the
diff erent actors. Th is is a participatory exercise that allows urban poor com-
munities and public authorities together to articulate and identify common
problems, to defi ne and structure strategies and solutions, to reach consensus,
and to negotiate collaboration (Hamdi and Goethert 1997).
Th e microplanning exercise involves, fi rst, a general assembly of the com-
munity to explain the purpose of the workshop and to select participants for
the exercise, and, second, a microplanning workshop; this takes one day, during
which participants from the community and the local authority identify and
prioritize problems, identify and prioritize solutions, and reach consensus on
the major activities that could be executed to strengthen the asset adaptation
strategies of the community. Th e results of the workshop can then be taken to
both the municipal council and the general assembly of the community for
ratifi cation.
In other contexts, a formal consultation process may be appropriate. Th is
will involve representatives of the communities in which the research took
place, the local government as well as other local governments, NGOs, national
authorities, and members of the international donor community. Th e results of
the study will be discussed in groups.
Collaborative Partners to Undertake Participatory Climate Change Asset
Adaptation Research
To undertake such research requires various research partners with compara-
tive advantages in working at diff erent levels. Th ese may include the following:
Primary research counterpart: A national, regional, or local-level institution
is needed to take responsibility for carrying out the research and administering