EPILOGUE ■ 261ing is likely to be driven by a series of factors, including behavior, building
design, and future climate. Kershaw and Coley demonstrate the impact of the
latter point by applying a set of existing climatic scenarios to a set of diff er-
ing building designs in “Characterizing the Response of Buildings to Climate
Change.” Th eir research demonstrates the need for building designs to be able
to control their internal temperatures with a variable outside temperature and
highlights the importance of existing policies on building design on both near-
term (2020) and long-term (2080) energy consumption and wider climatic
resilience.
Th e amount of energy consumed by a building should not necessarily be
considered in isolation. A building has wider impacts associated with its upkeep
that are not always included in energy balances, water being a particular exam-
ple. With water becoming scarcer, using rainwater for particular functions in
buildings may lead to an overall reduction in energy consumption. Schmidt
presents four demonstration projects in Berlin and provides wider insights with
respect to rainwater use in “A New Water Paradigm for Urban Areas to Mitigate
the Urban Heat Island Eff ect.” Th is wider impact of buildings is taken further
in “Indicators to Assess the Sustainability of Building Construction Processes”
by Floissac and others, who consider the emissions impact of a building’s entire
life, from construction to demolition. Taken together, the papers in this area
reaffi rm our understanding of the key role of future building design and ret-
rofi tting of the existing building stock when considering both mitigation and
adaptation—as well as the synergies between the two.
Aft er buildings, the transport sector is a key user of energy in cities. Th e
energy consumption of both sectors is infl uenced by how a city is designed. A
variety of approaches may be taken to reduce emissions from road transport
within cities, which pertain to both demand- and supply-oriented measures.
Bertaud, Lefevre, and Yuen consider both types of measures as they present a
study on the relationships between GHG emissions, urban transport policies
and pricing, and the spatial form of cities in the commissioned paper “GHG
Emissions, Urban Mobility, and Effi ciency of Urban Morphology.” Th ey suggest
that price signals are the main driver of technological change, transport modal
shift s, and land-use regulatory changes. Th e use of road transport within cities
is also aff ected by other forms of available transportation, as well as travel to
and from a city. Recognizing this, the paper by Ravella and others, “Transport
Systems, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Mitigation Measures,” analyzes GHG
emissions mitigation measures for diff erent modes of land transport within cit-
ies and wider interurban networks in Argentina.
Individual aspects of a city will each provide part of the mitigation solution,
but they must be consistent with one another to deliver the best outputs. Th is
potentially requires a framework for assessing the current emissions sources