16 ■ CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Regional Inventory Protocol (GRIP; Carney and others 2009); GRIP has also
been used for Scotland and Sacramento, California. Additional urban areas
have been studied by academics (Baldasano, Soriano, and Boada 1999; Dhakal
2009; Dubeux and La Rovere 2007; Kennedy and others 2009; Ramaswami and
others 2008) and at meetings such as those hosted by IGES/APN (2002) and
Nagoya University/NIES/GCP (2009). Th e approaches used to establish GHG
emissions in these studies are essentially adaptations or simplifi cations of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. However,
minor diff erences in methodology need to be resolved—and clearer reporting
mechanisms need to be established.
Th is chapter fi rst reviews the types of methodology that have been used to
attribute GHGs to urban areas. We begin by broadly describing the approaches
used to determine GHG emissions for nations (IPCC 2006) and for corpora-
tions (WRI/WBCSD 2009), both of which inform the attribution of emissions
to urban areas. We then discuss in more detail the specifi c diff erences in meth-
odology between various studies of urban GHG emissions. Th e approaches
used to establish emissions for more than 40 global urban areas (table 2.1) are
used to demonstrate where diff erences in methodology occur (table 2.2).
TABLE 2.1
Defi nition and Population of Cities and Metropolitan Regions in This
Chapter
Abbreviated
name used in
this chapter Defi nition Study year Population
Europe
Athens Metropolitan region 2005 3,989,000
Barcelona City 2006 1,605,602
Bologna Province 2005 899,996
Brussels Capital region 2005 1,006,749
Frankfurt Frankfurt/Rhine-Main 2005 3,778,124
Geneva Canton 2005 432,058
Glasgow Glasgow and the Clyde Valley 2004 1,747,040
Hamburg Metropolitan region 2005 4,259,670
Helsinki Capital region 2005 988,526
Ljubljana Osrednjeslovenska region 2005 500,021
London Greater London 2003 7,364,100
Madrid Comunidad de Madrid 2005 5,964,143
Naples Province 2005 3,086,622
Oslo Metropolitan region 2005 1,039,536
Paris I City 2005 2,125,800
Paris II Île-de-France 2005 11,532,398