World Bank Document

24 ■ CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE

City or metropolitan regiona

Source

ENERGY

Electrical line

losses

Gasoline use from sales dataGasoline use

scaled

Gasoline use from model or traffi

c counts

Aviation: all fuels loaded at airportsAviation: all domestic; intl LTO only

Marine: all fuels loaded at ports

Tianjin

Dhakal 2009 ✓✓ ✓

Tokyo

Tokyo Metropolitan

Government 2006

✓ ???? §

Africa

Cape Town

Kennedy and others 2009 ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Source: Authors’ analysis using information from studies as cited in sources listed in fi rst column.

Note: The table displays only emissions subcategories for which there are differences between studies.

AFOLU = agriculture, forestry, and other land use; LTO = landing and take-off cycle; n.a. = not applicable

neg. = negligible;? = uncertain/indeterminate; * = aviation emissions are apportioned across co-located

cities in the larger metropolitan area; † = AFOLU emissions were estimated and found to be less than

Th is is followed by an extended discussion of critical cross-boundary emis-
sions most relevant to urban areas. A few cities have, independently, quanti-
fi ed their cross-boundary emissions, so called because their emissions occur
outside the geographic boundary of the city of interest but are directly caused
by activities occurring within the geographic boundary of a city (such as
with ecological footprinting). For example, airline travel has been included
in GHG accounting for Aspen, Colorado, and Seattle, Washington, in the
United States; some foods (rice and milk) and cement have been included in
emissions for Delhi and Kolkata, India (Sharma, Dasgupta, and Mitra 2002);
food, cement, and freight transport have been included for Paris (Mairie de
Paris 2007); and key urban materials such as food, water, transport fuels, and
cement are accounted for in Denver (Ramaswami and others 2008). Th is
chapter discusses how these emissions can play a role in augmenting baselines
for urban area, the policy implications, and the methodological approaches
that have been used.
Baseline GHG emissions are presented for 44 urban areas, including those
in developed and developing nations. Although total emissions have been
reported for urban areas since the late 1980s (Baldasano, Soriano, and Boada
1999; Harvey 1993), this chapter primarily presents baselines from recent stud-
ies (such as Carney and others 2009; Dhakal 2004, 2009; Kennedy and others

TABLE 2.2, continued