34 ■ CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
counted in the GHG emissions for most urban areas. So use of the WARM
model is not consistent with current means of determining urban GHG emis-
sions, although the life-cycle methodology is indicative of the direction cities
should be headed as consumption-based inventory procedures develop (this is
discussed later).
A few other inconsistencies in reporting emissions from waste can be made
with reference to table 2.2. First, waste emissions were not determined for
the Chinese city-provinces. Second, the GRIP studies and those of Barcelona,
Geneva, Prague, and Toronto include emissions from waste incineration within
the waste category, although where such incineration includes energy recovery
the IPCC recommends that the emissions be included under stationary com-
bustion. Finally, emissions from waste water/sewerage were omitted in many
studies, although these are relatively minor.
Industrial Processes and Product Use
GHG emissions from industrial processes and product use include only emis-
sions that are not primarily for energy use purposes (IPCC 2006). A wide
range of industrial processes and products emit GHGs that are not the result
of intended combustion. Th e three broad categories of nonenergy use are feed-
stocks, reducing agents, and nonenergy products, such as lubricants, greases,
waxes, bitumen, and solvents. Emissions from these types of uses can be
assigned to various industrial sectors:
- Mineral industry (including cement, lime, glass, and other)
- Chemical industry
- Metal industry
- Nonenergy products from fuels and solvent use
- Electronics industry
- Product uses as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances
- Other product manufacture and use
- Others (including pulp and paper, food and beverage).
Given the diversity of these nonenergy industrial processes and products,
reporting of emissions is recognized to be challenging (IPCC 2006).
Th e reporting of industrial process emissions for urban areas is somewhat
mixed. Other than the GRIP studies, which have carefully recorded these emis-
sions, other studies have been less consistent. For many of the urban areas
in table 2.2, no emissions are recorded. Th is could be because there are no
industrial process emissions or the emissions are unknown. Th e GRIP studies
perhaps record more industrial process emissions because they are regional
studies, including industrial areas on the edges of central cities (although emis-