Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.04 Survey of

The Neurosciences and Music I

V

Conference 2011

Learning and Memory

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology &

Procedure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

20. 
    

    Steven Demorest, Lee Osterhout and Ramesh Gangolli ERP responses to cross

    
    

cultural music expectancy violations

Cat. 1: Melody

Cat. 7: Culture 21. Patrick Wong, Alice Chan, and Elizabeth Hellmuth

Margulis

The bimusical brain

Cat. 7: Culture

We examined listeners’ sensitivity to expectancy

violations across different cultures using Event

Rela

ted Potential (ERP)

methodology

Investigation of the effects

of

passive exposure on our nervous system without active use. Evaluation of how the brain acquires multiple symbolic systems by studying listeners who have exposure to more than one musical system

US

-born and Indian-born

subjects heard a series of 30 melodies taken from Western folk melodies

and 30 from

Indian ragas.

Western and Indian music

ERP responses to musical violations. Each melody was presented randomly in blocks by culture and was heard in both its original and violated form

fMRI study: listeners who had been exposed to Wester

n-

only (mono-

musicals), and

both Indian and Western musical systems (bimusicals) since childhood made tension (affective) judgment on Western and Indian music

The P600 response found in previous

work in both music

and language: Variation based on the

cul

tural

background of the listener

Effects predominantly driven by between

-music differences

in temporal regions in the mono-

musicals and by

between

-music differences in

limbic regions in the bimusicals

Preliminary results: Western listeners were sensitive to expectancy violations within their own culture, but showed no significant response to violations

within the Indian

music context Connectivity analysis of

network

s via structural

equation modeling (SEM) showed

a higher

degree of

connectivity and la

rger

differentiation

between the

music conditions within the

bimusicals

Symposium 4:

MEMORY AND LEARNING IN MUSIC PERFORMANCE

(22

-26)

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Procedure

Main focus

of interest

Conclusion

22.

Virginia Penhune

Sensitive period effects for musical training

Cat. 9: Child development

Cat. 10: Training

Comparing the performance of early

• (before age seven)

and late

-trained (after age

seven) musicians who were mat

ched for training and

experience on a variety of tasks of musical skill

Auditory and visual rhythm reproduction

A sensitive period: a time

during development when experience has a differential effect on later behaviour and on brain development

The re

sults demonstrate that

early musical training can have long

-lasting

effects on

adult music performance, and that early training may also be related to spec

ific changes in

brain structure