Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.04 Survey of

The Neurosciences and Music I

V

Conference 2011

Learning and Memory

Symp

osium 5:

MIND AND BRAIN IN MUSICAL IMAGERY

(27

-30)

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Procedure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

27. Andrea Halpern
    Dynam

ic aspects of musical

imagery

Cat. 13:

Anticipation

Cat. 14: Memory, imagery

Article:

Lucas, Halpern et al

.

(2010) 28. Peter Keller

Mental imagery in music performance

Cat. 13: Anticipation

Cat. 14: Memory

29. Petr Janata and Ana Navarro Cebrian Acu

ity of mental

representations of pitch

Cat. 13: Expectation

Cat. 14: Memory

30. Robert J. Zatorre
    Beyond auditory cortex: working with musical thoughts
    Cat. 13: Recognition

To

review two

recently

published studies which illustrate the dynamic aspects

of musical imagery

To review the results of a series of studies that support the hypothesis that imagery facilitates multiple aspects of music performance. This work focuses specifically on anticipa

tory auditory and

motor imagery

To present studies

of the

effects of mental expectations

on performance of precise musical pitch To illuminate the neural and cognitive mechanisms that permit one to transform and manipulate existing

rep

resentations to create new

ones

1) A behavioral study that examin

ed the ability to make

emotional judgments about both heard and imagined music in real time. 2) A neuroimaging study on the neural correlates of music that is about to be played, or “anticipatory imagery”

1) Several behavioral tasks

involving int

onation

judgments.

2) Electrophysiological measures

fMRI

The ways in which musical imagery allows us not

just to remember music, but also to use those memories to judge temporally changing aspects of the musical experience.

Brain areas: Basal Ganglia,

Cerebellum,

Pre-

Motor Area

Processes that are

assumed

to entail running internal simulations that trigger mental images of upcoming actions

Singing in one’s mind or forming expectations about upcoming notes both require that mental images of one or

more pitches will be generated

Investigating two kinds of musical tasks, one requiring recognition of transposed melodic patterns, the other requiring recognition of temporally reversed melodic patterns

We found activation of

several sequence

-learning

brain areas, some of which varied with the vividness of

the anticipated musical memory

It is proposed that anticipatory imagery enables thorough action planning, and movement execution that is characterized by efficiency, temporal precision, and biomecha

nical economy

Multiple memory systems contribute to the formation of accurate mental images for pitch,

and the functionality of

each is affected by m

usical

training

Converging evidence that such tasks recruit areas outside of traditionally

defined

audit

ory cortex, implicating in

particular

the intraparietal

sulcus region