Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.04 Survey of

The Neurosciences and Music I

V

Conference 2011

Learning and Memory

Symposium 6:

PLASTICITY AND MALPLASTICITY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

(31

-35)

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Procedure

Ma

in focus of interest

Conclusion

31. 
    

    Stefan Koelsch and Katrin Schulze
    The functional architecture of working memory for tones and phonemes in non

    
    

musicians and musicians

Cat. 8: Musicians

Cat. 14: Memory

32. Gottfried Schlaug, Gus Halwani, Andrea

Norton,

Sarah Marchina, Psyche Loui

Singing: when it helps, when it hurts, and when it changes brains

Cat. 5: Song

Cat. 17: Sensory

-motor

33. Lutz Jäncke
    The adapting sensory

-motor

system of musicians

Cat. 10: Training

Cat. 17: Sensory

-motor

34. Christo Pantev
    Tinnitus: the dark side of the auditory cortex plasticity
    Cat. 11: Deficit Cat. 12: Recovery

To provide a review on fMRI

studies on tonal and verbal Working Memory, dealing with the neuroarchitecture of verbal and tonal WM,

as well

as with functional plasticity of tonal and ve

rbal WM due to

musical training

To investigate the effects of singing for the integration and adaptive training of auditory and sensorimotor processes

To describe some main principles how the motor system adapts to

the

tremendous amount of practicing a music instrument

To illuminate the develop

• 
  

ment of a treatment for reducing tinnitus loudness via reversing maladaptive auditory cortex reorganization

fMRI

MRI: A

study of professional

singers

compared

to

otherwise matched occasional

singers

Exposing chronic tinnitus patients to self

-chosen,

enjoyable music, which was modified (‘notched’) to contain no energy in the frequency range surrounding the individual tinnitus frequen

cy

Differenc

es b

etween

musicians and non

-musicians

in the recruitment of specific WM components only for verbal (such as the right insular cortex) WM or only for tonal WM (such as basal ganglia and cerebellum)

Differences in gray

• and white

matter of auditory

-motor

regions which play a critical role in the mapping and feedback/feedforward control of sounds to articulatory actions. Region of interest: The Arcuate fasciculus (AF)

Effects of training in

professional musicians and in nonprofessional subjects:

1) Optimization of motor control.

2) The motor system changes its grey and white matter architecture Attracting lateral inhibition to the

brain area generating

tinnitus

Whereas nonmusicians

appear to rely on vocal

• 
  

articulatory coding for verbal as well as for

tonal

information, musicians appear to recruit additional sensorimotor codes for the

rehearsal of tonal information

The between

-group

differences were correlated with the intensity and duration of training, suggesting that the auditory

-motor system that

supports vocal communication can adapt to performance requirements

1) The neurophysiological changes are present after short practice sessions.

2) The neuroanatomical changes happen to take place after at least several weeks of practice

The regular and

enjoyable

music training reverses unprofitable cortical reorganization to a certain degree by means of the focused strengthening of audito

ry inhibitory neuronal

networks