476 Chapter 27
Table 27.2. List of veterinary drugs and substances with anabolic effect according to classifi cation
in C ouncil D irective 96/23/ EC (Toldr á and Reig, 2007 )
Group A: Substances having anabolic effect Representative substances
1 Stilbenes Diethylstilbestrol
2 Anthithyroid agents Thiouracils, mercaptobenzimidazoles
3 Steroids
Androgens Trenbolone acetate
Gestagens Melengestrol acetate
Estrogens 17 - β - estradiol
4 Resorcycilic acid lactones Zeranol
5 β - agonists Clenbuterol, mabuterol, salbutamol
6 Other substances Nitrofurans
Group B: Veterinary drugs
1 Antibacterial substances Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, β - lactam, macrolides (tylosin),
quinolones, aminoglycosides, carbadox and olaquindox
2 Other veterinary drugs
Antihelmintics Benzimidazoles, probenzimidazoles, piperazines,
imidazothiazoles, avermectins, tetrahydropyrimidines,
anilides
Anticoccidials Nitroimidazoles, carbanilides, 4 - hydroxyquinolones,
pyridinols, ionophores
Carbamates and pyrethroids Esters of carbamic acid, type 1 and 2 pyrethroids
Sedatives Butyrophenones, promazines, β - blocker carazolol
Non - steroidal anti - infl ammatory drugs Salicylates, pyrazolones, nicotinic acids, phenamates,
arylpropionic acids, pyrrolizines
Other pharmacologically active substances Dexamethasone
Group B: Contaminants
3 Environmental contaminants
Organochlorine compounds PCBs, compounds derived from aromatic, cyclodiene or
terpenic hydrocarbons
Organophosphorous compounds Malathion, phorate
Chemical elements Heavy metals
Mycotoxins Afl atoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone
Dyes
OthersThe illegal addition of any of these sub-
stances to farm animals may imply that their
residues could remain in the animal - treated
derived foods, constituting a risk. As a result,
the presence of these substances in farm
animals and foods of animal origin must be
monitored (Croubels et al. 2004 ). The pres-
ence of these substances in foods and the
number of samples to be tested each year is
regulated in the European Union by EC
Directive 96/23/EC on measures to monitor
certain substances and residues in live
animals and animal products. The analytical
methodology for the monitoring of compli-
ance was given in Decisions 93/256/EEC
and 93/257/EEC. The Council Directive
96/23/EC was recently implemented by the
Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, which
provides rules for the analytical methods to
be used in testing offi cial samples and spe-
cifi c common criteria for the interpretation of
the analytical results of offi cial control labo-
ratories for such samples. In the United
States, the Food Safety and Inspection
Services (FSIS) establishes the surveillance
programs, including the National Residue
Program, the exploratory residue testing pro-
grams, and inspector - generated in - plant