Cooperative learning: students learn from and with each other in groups.
Counsel: in Counseling-Learning/Community Language Learning, the teacher does
not offer advice, but rather ‘counsels’ the students by showing that he is really
listening to them and understanding what they are saying. This is typically
demonstrated by an ‘understanding response.’
Critical discourse analysis: the study of how identity and power relations are
constructed in language.
Critical pedagogy: instruction that is premised on the belief that ‘what happens in the
classroom should end up making a difference outside of the classroom’ (Baynham
2006: 28).
Deductive grammar teaching: the teacher explains grammar rules to students, who
then apply them to different examples.
Discourse or suprasentential level of language: the organization of language as texts,
e.g. how sentences go together to make up a paragraph.
Discrete-point test: an analytical approach to language testing in which each test
question assesses one distinct feature of the language.
Display question: a question to which both teacher and student know the answer, but
that is used by the teacher to find out what a student knows or is able to do.
Doubting game and believing game: the doubting game requires someone to evaluate
an idea using logic and evidence. The believing game requires taking on the
perspective of the originator of the idea, to see it through his or her eyes. It is
important to play both games. The goal is to understand an idea fully before
judging it (Elbow 1973).
Emergentism: a language learning theory that sees language as emerging from
meaningful language use. Speakers’ language is shaped and reshaped by
experience.
Endangered languages: languages that are in danger of disappearing due to the
declining numbers of people who speak them.
English as a lingua franca: the language used by millions of non-native English
speakers, primarily for use in multilingual language contact situations.
Fidel charts: color-coded Silent Way charts that show sounds of the language and the
various ways the same sound can be spelled.
Five minds: a theory focused on cognitive abilities or ‘minds’ that individuals need to
develop in order to be successful in a changing world (Gardner 2007).
Focus on form: the teacher directs learners’ attention briefly to linguistic structure
while the learners are engaged in a meaningful activity.
Functions: speech acts, such as inviting, promising, introducing one person to another,