- Side effects and adverse reactions:
° Common side effects include GI upset such as anorexia, nausea, vomit-
ing, and occasionally diarrhea and stomach cramps; neurological prob-
lems include dizziness, weakness, headache, and drowsiness; Adverse
reactions do not occur frequently
Examples of anti-helmiths include:- Diethylcarbamzine (Hetrazan); Used for nematode-filariae; PO: 2–3
mg/kg/tid - Ivermectin (Mectizan) broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug; PO: 200
ug/kg/1dose - Mebandazole (Vermox); used for giant roundworm, hookworm, pinworm,
whipworm. PO: 100 mg. bid ×3 d; repeat in 2–3 wk if necessary - Niclosamide (Niclocide) used for beef and fish tapeworms: PO 2 g, single
dose; treatment of dwarf tapeworms PO: 2 g/d ×1 wk - Oxamniquine (Vansil) treatment against mature and immature worms; PO:
15 mg/kg/bid for 1–2 d - Piperazine citrate (Antepar, Vermizine); treatment of roundworms and pin-
worms; Roundworms: PO: 3.5 g/d ×2 d; Pinworms: 65 mg/kg/d ×7 d max:
2.5 g/d - Praziquantel (Biltricide) treatment for beef, pork, fish tapeworms; PO:
10–20 mg/kg single dose; Blood flukes: PO 20 mg/kg, tid ×1 d; liver, lung,
and intestinal flukes; 25 mg/kg tid 1–2 d - Pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth) treatment of giant roundworm, hookworm,
pinworm; PO: 11 mg/kg single dose; repeat in 2 weeks if necessary - Thiabendazole (Mintezol, Minzolum) treatment of threadworm and pork
worm; PO 25 mg/kg 2–5 d; repeat in 2 d if necessary
Summary
When microbials invade, the body’s defenses go into action to surround and kill
microbials. The inflammatory response is the first line of attack bringing white
blood cells to the site of the infection in an attempt to stifle the spread of the
microbial. Microbials that cause infections are called pathogens.(^250) CHAPTER 13 Antimicrobials—Fighting Infection