Some drugs such as barbiturates, sedatives, and mood-altering medication
interrupt the patient’s normal thought process, which could confuse the patient
(and the patient’s family and friends) if they are unaware of such a side effect
of the drug.- Constipation related to drug action or side effect
Morphine sulfate and other opioids cause a reduction in intestinal movement
resulting in constipation that might make the patient uncomfortable. Knowing
this, the nurse might instruct the patient about foods and fluids that might increase
intestinal motility such as bran and increased water intake.- Fluid volume deficit related to drug action
Diuretic medication such as furosemide (Lasix) causes the patient to lose
more than the normal volume of fluid in an effort to counteract a disease that
results in the retention of fluids. The nurse alerts the patient to the likely increase
in urination and also monitors the patient’s fluid intake and output to assure that
the patient maintains an adequate fluid level.- Breathing pattern ineffective related to drug side effects
Opioids, such as morphine sulfate, can reduce the patient’s breathing to a
level where the patient’s respiration is no longer effective. It might mean not
moving enough air or blowing off too much CO 2. The nurse should monitor the
patient’s respiratory rate on a regular basis.Patient Care Plan
Once a nursing diagnosis is reached, a care plan is developed that describes how
the healthcare team will address the patient’s problems. It contains- Nursing diagnosis
- Expected outcomes—Goal statement
- Interventions based on a scientific and medical rationale needed to achieve
the goal - How to measure each outcome
(^48) CHAPTER 3 Pharmacology and the Nursing Process