CHAPTER 14 • NUTRITION 89ergogenic aids. Those who do recommend their use
should examine the safety, efficacy, potency, and
legality of the product before discussing the product
with clients (Joint position statement: Nutrition and
athletic performance, 2000).DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS/ENERGY BARS
- Dietary supplements can be found as pills, powders,
beverages, and bars. As with ergogenic aids, many
dietary supplements are advertised with claims that
sound appealing, but for the most part are not sup-
ported by research. - Most athletes can meet their nutrient needs by con-
suming a well-balanced diet. Athletes have increased
caloric needs, and if caloric needs are met by the con-
sumption of foods, most nutrient needs are met as
well.
•However, supplements may be necessary for athletes
who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss
practices, or eliminate food group(s) from the diet
(Bruce et al, 2000). Also some supplements may be
beneficial when a compact source of energy is
required. For example, when athletes train in
intensely, they may expend 3000–6000 kcal in train-
ing alone. Consumption of an energy dense beverage
or bar may help athletes meet calorie needs. Products
that provide carbohydrate and protein are recom-
mended. Supplementation with individual amino
acids has not been supported by research. - When choosing supplements, look for the U.S.
Pharmacopoeia (USP) seal. The USP establishes stan-
dards for quality and purity of supplements. Also, it is
generally recommended that supplements provide no
more than 150% of the daily value of nutrients.
SUMMARY
- A balanced diet that provides the proper amounts of
all required nutrients is essential for peak perform-
ance and a healthy lifestyle. This is especially impor-
tant for the athlete who might be training intensely or
competing on successive days. The three primary
energy systems used during running are the power,
speed, and endurance systems. The energy systems
used and energy requirements will vary for each indi-
vidual depending on such factors as mode of activity,
intensity, duration, height, weight, and gender. To aid
in peak performance it is recommended that the ath-
lete pay special attention to preevent, event, and
postevent nutrient consumption. This will help ensure
adequate hydration, glucose intake, and recovery.
Finally, the use of such methods as glycogen loading
and creatine intake may help increase performance
and power output for both long-distance runners and
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