CHAPTER 68 • PHYSICAL MODALITIES IN SPORTS MEDICINE 411Static Magnetic Fields (Magnetic Devices)
- Magnetic discs, pads, bandages, and blankets are pro-
moted in sports, veterinary, and general circulation
magazines as a cure for a variety of musculoskeletal
injuries.
•Various magnetic products have been studied with
field strengths generally in the 300–3,950 Gauss(Gs)
range (Vallbona, Hazelwood, and Jurida, 1997; Alfano
et al, 2001). - Results are generally mixed. In one study efficacy has
been demonstrated in patients with painful diabetic
neuropathy (Weintraub et al, 2003); another study
comparing magnet pad versus control groups suffer-
ing from fibromyalgia showed statistical significance
for pain relief, but no clear functional improvement in
the magnet user group (Alfano et al, 2001). - Observed physiologic effects have included increased
nerve excitability (Hong, 1987) and circulatory stimu-
lation (Ohkubo and Xu, 1997).
Acupuncture
•Treatment consists of utilizing acupuncture needles to
pierce the skin to differing depths at designated
acupuncture points to bring about pain relief or phys-
iologic change.
- Needles are commonly stimulated by hand, electric-
ity, or heat. - Research is not available regarding treatment of ath-
letic injuries; however, in 1997 the NIH sponsored a
consensus panel, which concluded: “promising results
have emerged, for example, showing efficacy of
acupuncture in adult post-operative and chemotherapy
associated nausea and vomiting and in post-operative
dental pain. There are other situations such as addic-
tion, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual
cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain,
osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome,
and asthma, in which acupuncture may be useful...”
(NIH, 1997).
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