Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, Washington,
DC: US Government Printing Office. August 2000.
Feigenbaum MS, Pollock ML: Prescription of resistance train-
ing for health and disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc31:38–45,
1999.
Fiatarrone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND et al: High-intensity
strength training in nonagerians. JAMA263:3029–3034, 1990.
Fiatarone-Singh MA: Exercise comes of age: Rationale and rec-
ommendations for a geriatric exercise prescription.
J Gerontology: Med Sci 57A:M262–M282, 2002.
Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA et al: AHA scientific
statement: Exercise standards for testing and training; a state-
ment for healthcare professionals from the American Heart
Association. Circulation104:1694–1740, 2001.
Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O’Reilly KP et al: Strength condi-
tioning in older men: Skeletal muscle hypertropy and
improved function. J Appl Physiol 64:1038–1044, 1988.
Gardner MM, Robertson C, Campbell AJ: Exercise in preventing
falls and fall related injuries in older people: A review of ran-
domized controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 34:7–17, 2000.
Gregg EW, Cauley JA, Seeley DG et al: Physical activity and
osteoporotic fracture risk in older women. The Study of
Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med
129:81–88, 1998.
Hakim AA, Curb JD, Petrovitch H et al: Effects of walking on
coronary heart disease in elderly men: The Honolulu Heart
Program. Circulation100:9–13, 1999.
Hambrecht R, Fiehn E, Weigl C et al: Regular physical exercise
corrects endothelial dysfunction and improves exercise capac-
ity in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation98:2709–
2715, 1998.
Kallinen M, Alen M: Sports-related injuries in elderly men still
active in sports. Br J Sports Med 28:52–55, 1994.
Kallinen M, Markku A: Aging, physical activity and sports
injuries: An overview of common sports injuries in the elderly.
Sport Med20:41–52, 1995.
Kannus P, Niittymaki S, Jarvinen M et al: Sports injuries in eld-
erly athletes: A three-year prospective, controlled study. Age
Aging 18:263–270, 1989.
Kasch FW, Boyer JL, Schmidt PK et al: Aging of the cardiovas-
cular system during 33 years of aerobic exercise. Age Aging
28:531–536, 1999.
King A, Castro C, Wilcox S et al: Personal and environmental
factors associated with physical inactivity among different
racial-ethnic groups of US middle-aged and older-aged
women. Health Psychol19:354–364, 2000.
Maharam LG, Bauman PA, Kalman D et al: Master athletes:
Factors affecting performance. Sports Med 28:273–285, 1999.
Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Cheetham C et al: Combined aerobic
and resitance exercise training improves functional capacity
and strength in CHF. J Appl Physiol 88:1565–1570, 2000.
McAuley E, Blissmer B, Katula J et al: Physical activity, self-
esteem, and self-efficacy relationshps in older adults: A ran-
domized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med 22:131–139,
2000.
McMurdo ME, Mole PA, Paterson CR: Controlled trial of weight
bearing exercise in older women in relation to bone density
and falls. BMJ314:569, 1997.
Menard D, Stanish WD: The aging athlete. Am J Sports Med
17:187–196, 1989.
Mengelkock LJ, Pollock ML, Limacher MC et al: Effects of age,
physical training, and physical fitness on coronary heart dis-
ease risk factors in older track athletes at twenty-year follow-
up. J Am Geriatr Soc45:1446–1453, 1997.
Messier SP, Royer TD, Craven TE et al: Long-term exercise and
its effect on balance in older osteoarthritic adults: Results from
the fitness, arthritis, and seniors trial (FAST). J Am Geriatr Soc
48:131–138, 2000.
Miller ME, Rejeski J, Reboussin BA et al: Physical activity, func-
tional limitations, and disability in older adults. J Am Geriatr
Soc48:1264–1272, 2000.
Miszko TA, Cress ME: A lifetime of fitness: Exercise in the per-
imenopausal and postmenopausal woman. Clin Sports Med
19:215–232, 2000.
Morley JE: Nutrition in the elderly. Ann Intern Med109:890–
904, 1988.
Murphy DF, Connolly DA, Beynnon BD: Risk factors for lower
extremity injury: A review of the literature. B J Sports Med
37:13–29, 2003.
Nowalk MP, Prendergast JM, Bayles CM et al: A randomized
trial of exercise programs among older individuals living in
two long-term care facilities: The FallsFREE program. J Am
Geriatr Soc 49:859–865, 2001.
O’Connor FG, Howard TM, Fiesler CM et al: Managing overuse
injuries: A systemic approach. http://www.physsportsmed.
com/issues/1997/05may/oconnor.htm. Accessed May 2003.
Penninx B, Meissier SP, Rejeski J et al: Physical exercise and the
prevention of disability in activities of daily living in older per-
sons with osteoarthritis. Arch Intern Med 161:2309–2316,
2001.
Pescatello LS: Exercising for health: The merits of lifestyle phys-
ical activity. West J Med 174:114–118, 2001.
Pescatello LS, Murphy D: Lower intensity physical activity is
advantageous for fat distribution and blood glucose among vis-
cerally obese older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 9:1408–1413,
1998.
Pescatello LS, Murphy D, Costanzo D: Low-intensity physical
activity benefits blood lipids and lipoproteins in older adults
living at home. Age Aging 29:433–439, 2000.
Pescatello LS, VanHeest JL: Physical activity medicates a health-
ier body weight in the presence of obesity. Br J Sports Med
34:86–93, 2000.
Pollock ML, Foster C, Knapp D et al: Effect of age and training
on aerobic capacity and body composition of master athletes.
J Appl Physiol 62:725–731, 1987.
Pollock ML, Mengelkoch LJ, Graves JE et al: Twenty-year
follow-up of aerobic power and body composition of older
track athletes. J Appl Physiol 82:1508–1516, 1997.
Pratley RE, Hagberg JM, Dengel DR et al: Aerobic exercise
training-induces reductions in abdominal fat and glucose
stimulated inslulin responses in middle-aged and older men.
J Am Geriatr Soc 48:1055–1061, 2000.
Rock CL: Nutrition of the older athlete. Clin Sport Med
10:445–457, 1991. Rogers MA, Hagberg JM, Martin WH et al:
Decline in VO2maxwith aging in master athletes and sedentary
men. J Appl Physiol68:2195–2199, 1990.572 SECTION 7 • SPECIAL POPULATIONS