d. Multiple gestation at risk for premature labor
e. Persistent second- or third-trimester bleeding
f. Placenta previa after 26 weeks of gestation
g. Premature labor during the current pregnancy
h. Ruptured membranes
i. Preeclampsia/pregnancy-induced hypertension- Relative contraindications to aerobic exercise during
pregnancy:
a. Severe anemia
b. Unevaluated maternal cardiac arrhythmia
c. Chronic bronchitis
d. Poorly controlled type 1 diabetes
e. Extreme morbid obesity
f. Extreme underweight (body mass indexor BMI <12)
g. History of extremely sedentary lifestyle
h.Intrauterine growth restriction in current pregnancy
i. Poorly controlled hypertension
j. Orthopedic limitations
k. Poorly controlled seizure disorder
l. Poorly controlled hyperthyroidism
m. Heavy smoker
•Warning signs to terminate exercise while pregnant:
a. Vaginal bleeding
b. Dyspnea prior to exertion
c. Dizziness
d. Headache
e. Chest pain
f. Muscle weakness
g. Calf pain or swelling (need to rule out throm-
bophlebitis)
h. Preterm labor
i. Decreased fetal movement
j. Amniotic fluid leakage - There are currently no definitive guidelines for elite or
endurance athletes during pregnancy. Elite athletes have
to deal with the changing physiology of pregnancy,
which may necessitate changing their exercise regimen.
•After the first trimester, the uterus can cause obstruc-
tion of venous return in the supine position, so ath-
letes will have to adjust weight-training and floor
exercises appropriately. - Motionless standing also causes a significant decrease
in cardiac output and should be avoided as much as
possible. - The increased oxygen consumption of pregnancy will
lead to most women experiencing a decline in their
exercise tolerance.
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