Mathematical Principles of Theoretical Physics

5.5.5 Mediator clouds of subatomic particles

e

F

(a)

e

γ

(b)

γ

Figure 5.15: (a) The naked electron is accelerated or decelerated in an electromagnetic field;
and (b) the mediators (photons) fly away from the attracting shell region under a perturbation
of moment of force.

mediators. Thus, the naked electron changes its velocity, which draws the mediator cloud to
move as well, causing a perturbation to moment of force on themediators. As the attracting
weak force in the shell region (5.4.38) is small, under the perturbation, the centrifugal force
makes some mediators in the cloud, such as photons, flying away from the attracting shell
region, and further accelerated by the weak repelling forceoutside this shell region to the
speed of light, as shown in Figure5.15.

5.5 Structure of Mediator Clouds Around Subatomic Par-

ticles

5.5.1 Color quantum number

In the baryon family with spinJ=^32 there are three members∆++,∆−,Ω−, whose quark
constituents are as follows

∆++=uuu(↑↑↑,↓↓↓),

(5.5.1) ∆−=ddd(↑↑↑,↓↓↓),

Ω−=sss(↑↑↑,↓↓↓).

These quarks have the same spin arrangements and energy levels. The phenomenon that there
are three identical fermions at one quantum state violates the Pauli exclusion principle. Thus,
there exist two possibilities:

1) Pauli exclusion principle is invalid in the interior of baryons; or

2. there is a new quantum number, such that the three same flavour of quarks in the
   baryons of (5.5.1) possess different values for the new quantum number. Namely, they
   are not identical, and the Pauli exclusion principle is still valid.
   To solve this problem, O. W. Greenberg presented the color quantum number in 1964.
   According to the constituents of (5.5.1), Greenberg thought that each flavor of quarks has
   three colors:

(5.5.2) redr, greeng, blueb,