Chapter 7
Astrophysics and Cosmology
The aim of this chapter is to study fundamental issues of astrophysics and cosmology based
on the first principles dictating the law of gravity, the cosmological principle, and the principle
of symmetry-breaking. The study and the results presented in this chapter are based on recent
papers (Ma and Wang,2014e,a;Hernandez, Ma and Wang, 2015 ).
First, we have rigorously proved a basic Blackhole Theorem on the nature and structure
of black holes, Theorem7.15:
Assume the validity of the Einstein theory of general relativity, then black holes
are closed, innate and incompressible.This theorem was originally discovered and proved in (Ma and Wang,2014a, Theorem
4.1). One important part of the theorem is that all black holes are closed: matters can neither
enter nor leave their interiors. Classical view was that nothing can get out of black holes, but
matters can fall into blackholes. We show that nothing can get inside the blackhole either.
This theorem offers a very different views on the geometric structure and the origin of our
Universe, on the formation and stability of stars and galaxies, and on the mechanism of
7.4.4 Active galactic nuclei (AGN) and jets
In particular, we rigorously show that our Universe is not originated from a Big-Bang,
and is static, under the assumption of the Einstein general relativity and the cosmological
principle. The redshift is then due mainly to the black hole effect, and the CMB is caused by
the blackbody equilibrium radiation.
Also, we show that the dark energy is associated with the the negative pressure, the effect
of the gravitational repelling force, and the dark matter iscaused the space curved energy.
This chapter is organized as follows. Section7.1introduces the momentum representation
of astrophysical fluid dynamical models. One important aspect of the models is the coupling
between the gravitational field equations and the fluid dynamics equations, using the principle
of symmetry-breaking. Section7.4proves the black hole theorem.
Stellar circulations are studied in Section7.2, leading to the mechanism of supernovae
explosion. Section7.3addresses galactic circulations, and provides the mechanism of AGN
jets.