6 Culture in Management: the
Measurement of Differences
Laurence Romani1 Introduction 141
2 Hofstede 144
3 Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 150
4 Lane, DiStefano and Maznevski’s adaptation of Kluckhohn
and Strodtbeck 156
5 Summary 161
6 Conclusion 161
7 Discussion questions 163
8 Further readings 164
References 164
1 INTRODUCTION
In international management, the study of differences across countries has been
conducted from two complementary perspectives: cultural and institutional
theories. Both consider that diverging management practices are contingent on
the environment of the organization. While institutional theories have focused
on the institutional environment (e.g., labor laws, regulations), cultural theories
have investigated the role played by culture. The last chapter looked at institu-
tional theories, this chapter will focus on cultural theories.