Cultural Geography

might create not only physical places for animals

in the city, but also political space for social

movements intent on peace between the species.

Animals and the moral landscape

Environmental movements of the 1970s were

expressly normative, concerned with the

question of how to fashion more ethical ways of

living with and in nature. They stimulated a

flowering of work on environmental ethics,

which ultimately produced polarized debates

about animal subjectivity and moral status.

Traditional ethical frameworks were used to

argue in favour of the rights of nature (Nash,

1989) and the standing of natural objects in legal

contexts (Stone, 1984). Much of the effort,

grounded in the work of Aldo Leopold,

emphasized ‘land ethics’ and environmental

stewardship (Callicott, 1989); like the larger

environmental movement, this work was

concerned with species and habitats, and their

protection from anthropogenic impacts such as

development and pollution. Informed by wildlife

biology, forestry and the other environmental

REANIMATING CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY 197

Figure 9.5 Atlanta’s long-horned steers

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