3 Sauer co-organized a Yale University conference on
the destructive environmental impacts of develop-
ment, published as Man’s Role in Changing the Face
of the Earth(Thomas, 1956), that served as a wake-
up call to social and natural scientists.
4 Particularly those undertaken with Harold Peake such
as Peake and Fleure (1927). See Campbell (1972) and
Dickinson (1976) for analyses of Fleuere’s work.
5 It may be argued that Forde’s similarities emerge
partly from his time with Kroeber in California in the
1920s (Kuper, 1996: 120), if we accept that Sauer’s
notion of culture was strongly influenced by Kroeber.
Peter Jackson (1979) also noted this similarity between
Sauer’s approach and that of Fleure and Forde.
6 Though Donkin’s work was an exception. Donkin
asserted that intrinsic qualities of some animals played
a major role in determining which were domesticated
and that animals had some capacity to rebel against
the imposition of human requirements, raising notions
of non-human agency and anticipating the enlarged
‘space’ recently given to animals (Philo, 1995).
7 This definition, common to many cultural ecologists,
is heavily influenced by Julian Steward (1955).
8 We use this term rather than ‘cultural animal
geography’ – or for that matter zoögeography –
because while UK animal geography is rooted in the
‘new’ cultural geography, intellectual origins in the
US are far more eclectic. To retain this openness and
encourage dialogue not only within human geogra-
phy but also across the physical–human divide, we
embrace the more inclusive referent.
9 But decentring the human subject also presents prob-
lems for animal subjectivity – similar to those recog-
nized for ‘women’ by feminists and for the ‘subaltern’
by postcolonial theorists. Entitlements in law, ethics
and elsewhere have been constructed in reference to
essential qualities of ‘subjectivity’. The loss of legiti-
macy for those subject positions and their referential
‘rights’ undoes the persuasive utilitarian and natural
rights arguments made for animals by philosophers
Peter Singer (1975) and Tom Regan (1983), among
others. How to negotiate the oppression of animals (and
people) in the absence of subjectivity has been as
important to animal activists and theorists as to those
feminists, postmodernists and multicultural theorists for
whom the whole idea of ‘rights’ has been discredited.
10 Though, as mentioned earlier, Donkin’s (1977) study
of the cochineal insect is one of the finest geographi-
cal studies of animals.REFERENCESAdams, C. (1990) The Sexual Politics of Meat. New York:
Continuum.
Adams, C. and Donovan, J. (eds) (1995) Animals and
Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations.Durham
and London: Duke University Press.
Anderson, K. (1995) ‘Culture and nature at the Adelaide
Zoo: at the frontiers of “human” geography’,Transactions
of the Institute of British Geographers20 (NS): 275–94.Anderson, K. (1997) ‘A walk on the wild side: a critical
geography of domestication’, Progress in Human
Geography21: 463–85.
Anderson, K. (2000) ‘“The beast within”: race, humanity,
and animality’, Environment and Planning D: Society
and Space18: 301–20.
Anderson, M.S. (1951) The Geography of Living Things.
London: English Universities Press.
Baker, S. (1993) Picturing the Beast. Manchester:
Manchester University Press.
Barnes, T.J. and Duncan, J.S. (1992) ‘Introduction’,
in T.J. Barnes and J.S. Duncan (eds) Writing
Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the
Representation of Landscape. New York: Rout-
ledge. pp. 1–17.
Bauman, Z. (1995) Life in Fragments: Essays in Post-
modern Morality. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bekoff, M. and Byers, J.A. (1998) Animal Play: Evolu-
tionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bender, B. (1975) Farming in Prehistory: From Hunter-
Gatherer to Food Producer.London: Baker.
Bennett, C.F. (1960) ‘Cultural animal geography: an
inviting field of research’, Professional Geographer 12
(5): 12–14.
Bennett, C.F. (1961) ‘Animal geography in geography
textbooks: a critical analysis’, Professional Geographer
13: 13–16.
Birke, Lynda and Hubbard, Ruth (1995) Reinventing
Biology.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Blumler, M. (1993) ‘On the tension between cultural
geography and anthropology: commentary on
Rodrigue’s early animal domestications’, Professional
Geographers 45: 359–63.
Braun, B. and Castree, N. (eds) (1998) Remaking Reality:
Nature at the Millennium.London: Routledge.
Brunhes, J. (1920) Human Geography: An Attempt at a
Positive Classification, Principles and Examples.
London: Harrap.
Callicott, J. Baird (1989) In Defense of the Land Ethic:
Essays in Environmental Philosophy. Albany, NY:
State University Press of New York.
Campbell, J.A. (1972) ‘Some sources of the humanism of
H.J. Fleure’. School of Geography Research Papers
no. 2, University of Oxford.
Cansdale, G.S. (1949). ‘Some problems in animal geo-
graphy’, Geographical Magazine22: 108–9.
Cansdale, G.S. (1950). ‘Animals and man I: the results of
competition and conflict’, Geographical Magazine
23: 74–84.
Cansdale, G.S. (1951a) ‘Animals and man II: domestica-
tion – providers of food and clothing’, Geographical
Magazine23: 390–9.
Cansdale, G.S. (1951b). ‘Animals and man III: domesti-
cation – transport animals, pets and allies, Geographi-
cal Magazine23: 524–34.
Cansdale, G.S. (1951c). ‘Animals and man IV: chance and
deliberate introductions’, Geographical Magazine
24: 155–62.
Cansdale, G.S. (1951d) ‘Animals and man V: biological
control’, Geographical Magazine24: 211–17.202 CULTURENATURES3029-ch09.qxd 03-10-02 10:48 AM Page 202