101 E.M.Loeb, In Feudal Africa (Bloomington: 1962), pp. 81–2, 245–9; Desch-Obi, ‘Engolo’, p. 53.
102 Desch-Obi, ‘Engolo’, p. 56.
103 Desch-Obi, ‘Engolo’, pp. 12, 76.
104 Desch-Obi, ‘Engolo’, p. 61.
105 Estermann, Etnografia, pp. 69–92 and Fig. 98; ‘A festa da puberdade em algumas tribos de Angola meridional’,
in C.Estermann, Etnografia de Angola (Sudoeste e Centro). Colectanea de artigos dispersos (Lisbon: Instituto
de Investigação Cientifica Tropical, 1983), p. 204.
106 W.D.Hambly, ‘The Ovimbundu of Angola’, Anthropological Series (Chicago, IL: Field Museum of Natural
History, 1934), Vol. 21, No. 2, p. 220.
107 J.M.Vaz, No mundo dos Cabindas. Estudo etnográfico (Lisbon: L.I.A.M., 1970), Vol. 1, p. 214.
108 J.H.Weeks, ‘Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River’, Journal of the Royal
Anthropological Institute, Vol. 40 (1910), p. 412.
109 See also S.Paul, ‘The Wrestling Tradition’, p. 32.
110 Augusto Bastos, ‘Traços gerais sobre a etnografia do distrito de Benguela’, Boletim da Sociedade Geográfica de
Lisboa, 26a Série (1908), p. 198. I am grateful to Rosa Cruz e Silva from the National Archives in Luanda for
providing me with this precious reference.
111 A.Ramos, O folclore negro no Brasil. Demopsicologia e psicanálise (Rio de Janeiro: Casa do Estudante do
Brasil, 1954), pp. 120–4.
112 On Henrique de Carvalho, see Castro Henriques, Commerce, Vol. 1, pp. 125–9.
113 H.A.Dias de Carvalho, Etnografia e história tradicional dos povos de Lunda [...] (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional,
1890), pp. 426–7; see also Ramos, Folclore negro, pp. 121–2.
114 Letter from 27 January 1936. See W.Freitas Oliveira and V.da Costa Lima, Cartas de Édison Carneiro a Artur
Ramos. De 4 de janeiro de 1936 a 6 de dezembro de 1938 (São Paulo: Corrupio, 1987), p. 89.
115 T.J.Desch-Obi, ‘Combat and the Crossing of the Kalunga’, in Heywood, Central Africans, pp. 354–7.
116 D.C.Dawson, ‘Capoeira, an Exercise of the Soul’, in R.Rosen and P.M.Sevastiades (eds), Celebration: Visions
and Voices of the African Diaspora (New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 1994), p. 19; Desch-Obi,
‘Combat’, p. 369; and Desch-Obi, ‘Engolo’, p. 171.
117 E.L.Powe, Combat Games of the African Indian Ocean (Madagascar, Reunion, Comores) (Madison, WI: Dan
Aiki Publications, 2001), pp. 25–59.
118 Powe, Combat Games, pp. 60–122, 129.
119 S.Fuma and J.R.Dreinaza, Le moringart guerrier (La Réunion: Océan Editions, 1992); Powe, Combat Games,
pp. 123–50.
120 Câmara Cascudo, Dicionário, pp. 186–7.
121 The following summary of bassula is based on the article S.Neto: ‘Uma “bassula” à pescador/Bassula—Full-
contact sport, fisherman style’, Austral, Revista de bordo TAAG, 33 (2000) pp. 39–45. Neto gathered most of his
information from Mestre Kabetula, a fisherman born in 1920. I am grateful to Mariano Almeida (Fumaça) for
providing me with this reference.
122 The important difference is that traditional political structures in Africa did not entirely dissapear with
colonialism, especially in areas of ‘indirect’ colonial rule.
123 For the Brazilians in Benguela see the work by José Curto (University of York, Canada), presented at the
Workshop ‘Angola on the Move’, Berlin, September 2003.
124 The important difference is that traditional political structures in Africa did not entirely disappear with
colonialism, especially in areas of ‘indirect’ colonial rule.
125 Morgan, ‘The Cultural Implications’, p. 125.
126 Quoted in A.Peltereau-Villeneuve, ‘The AfroAmerican Dance-Fights as a Form of Resistance against
Oppression’ (Mémoire de D.E.A, Université Paris VII, 1993), pp. 8–9.
127 D.Abrahams and J.F.Szwed (eds), After Africa. Extracts from British Travel Accounts and Journals of the
Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Centuries concerning the Slaves, their Manners, and Customs in the
British West Indies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983), p. 282.224 NOTES