expedition led by Charles Wiener was sponsored by the Ministry of Public
Education (Cole 1985: 51–3; Williams 1993: 125). In 1880–2, Charnay’s
second expedition was supported by the state, and he published the sites of
Popocatepetl, Ixtaccihuatl, and Tula in Central Mexico. In the 1890s, the
journey to Mexico undertaken by the chemist and explorer Le ́on Diguet was
also supported by the French. In 1880 Le ́on de Cessac (1841–91) was sent to
Peru 7 and Jules Cre ́vaux (1847–82) received funds to gather together a
collection from the Andean area (Williams 1993: 125). In 1905–9 Paul
Berthon (1872–1909) travelled to Peru paid by the Ministry of Public
Education. In 1878 temporary exhibition of the collections brought to
Paris mainly by Wiener led to the creation of a museum of ethnology, the
Muse ́e d’Ethnographie du Trocade ́ro (later called Muse ́e de l’Homme).
From 1895, this museum would publish the Journal de la Socie ́te ́ des
Ame ́ricanistes(Bernal 1980: 155; Lo ́pez Mazz 1999: 41). In 1903 theWrst
chair in American archaeology was created in the Colle`ge de France and the
Americanist Le ́on Lejeal was appointed, marking the start of professional
Americanism in France.
German interest in Latin American archaeology was also led by amateurs
and was again institutionalized within an ethnological framework. Among the
Wrst were the geologists Wilhelm Reiss (1838–1908) and Alphons Stu ̈bel
(1835–1904), both sons from prosperous families and adventurers in many
lands. The plans for their original trip in 1868, to study volcanoes together in
Hawaii, changed for practical reasons in order to follow Alexander von
Humboldt’s trail in South America. For eight years they traversed Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, and this journey was continued by Stu ̈bel on his
own through Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and PeruWnishing in the
United States. Archaeology was only one of their interests, but their geological
training helped them to reach high levels of precision for the time in their
results. They excavated the cemetery of Anco ́n in Peru,Wnding mummies,
textiles, and jewellery, a site later published thanks to the sponsorship of the
Museum fu ̈rVo ̈lkerkunde (Ethnology) in Berlin, in German and English,Das
Totenfeld von Anco ́n in Peru / The Necropolis of Anco ́n in Peru(1880–7). This
was theWrst descriptive report of a scientiWc excavation in Peru. The Berlin
museum, in turn, received the archaeological material. In Bolivia Stu ̈bel
explored Tiahuanaco, later published thanks to Max Uhle asDie Ruinensta ̈tte
von Tiahuanaco im Hochlande des alten Peru(1891–2). Reiss’s interest in
antiquities led him to write to the Ecuadorian president urging for the
protection of the country’s antiquities:
7 Cessac had also been sent on a scientiWc expedition to California in 1877–9.176 Archaeology of Informal Imperialism