A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past (Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology)

led the losing colonial power, Britain, to search for new places to deport its
convicts and from 1788 Australia was used to that eVect until the 1830s. It was
eVectively appropriated from 1828. The population experienced a twenty-fold
increase between 1825 and 1861, by which date more than a million whites
were living in the continent. By 1901 theWgure had risen to over three million
Euro-Australians. This increase contrasted with the reduction of Aborigines,
whose population halved in number from 1861 to 1901, with less than 95,000
at the end of this period. The rapid growth in the white population encour-
aged expansion over areas previously untouched. The whites’ use of land for
pasture directly clashed with Aboriginal needs and tension and warfare rose.
Those Aboriginals who became immersed into the Euro-Australian market as
labourers were reduced to poverty (Porter 1999: 533; Russell 2005: ch. 4).

NON-MONUMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN AMERICA

Towards the institutionalization of non-monumental antiquities

So far, America has been mentioned in connection with the monumental
antiquities found in Mexico, Peru and adjacent countries in Chapters 2, 4, and

7. Yet, in most of the continent the remains of past inhabitants were of a
   diVerent nature and directly linked to contemporary native populations,
   considered as inferior in culture and talent. This, in practice, led to the
   institutionalization of archaeology within the natural sciences and anthro-
   pology. The processes by which this institutionalization took place in America
   allow us to divide the countries in the New World into those in which
   industrialization was full blown, and those in which it was only incipient.
   Among theWrst group the United States took the lead, being followed, at the
   end of the nineteenth century, by countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Canada,
   and Chile.
   In the nineteenth century the United States experienced rapid economic
   development. The eastern part of the country expanded rapidly. The building
   of the railway created large fortunes which were to be the motor behind the
   development of a cultural milieu similar to that of the European powers. The
   interest in the classical world, which in previous generations had already led
   some young members of elite society to participate in the Grand Tour
   (Chapter 2), was now boosted by those who had amassed fortunes. Societies
   were set up, museums opened and universities funded. In archaeology, the
   earlier interest lay in the classical world and the Archaeological Institute of

Archaeology of the Primitive 285