(1771–1857) in 1807–26 andAn Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Archi-
tecture in England from the Conquest to the Reformationby Thomas Rickman
(1776–1841) of 1814–35 (Miele 1998). These would be theWrst in a long line
of antiquarian works and exhibitions deWning terminology and classifying
medieval styles. In 1824,Essay sur l’architecture du Moyen Age, written by the
French antiquarian, Arcisse de Caumont (1801–73), was published in which
Gothic monuments were compared. In 1819 theMonumenta Germaniae
Historicawas produced in Germany, containing data on the German people,
including folk-tales, literature, charters and manuscripts. This initiative
would soon be followed in France by theCollections de documents ine ́dits sur
l’histoire de France(Bentley 1999: 44). Following previous traditions, arch-
aeological investigations in the early nineteenth century were essentially
artistic, devoted to the study of monuments, inscriptions and coins although
some authors focused their studies on particular towns or areas, such as
Richard Colt Hoare’s (1758–1838)History of Ancient Wiltshire(1810–21) in
England. Increasingly, small examples of material culture such as ceramics
and metal implements were included in collections and typologies of them
were published. A few excavations of medieval sites were also undertaken in
this period, ten in the Wessex region of England between 1800 and 1850, four
of which were monasteries (Gerrard 2003: 47).
The bourgeoisie—as well as the landed elite and aristocracy—became
increasingly attracted to the historical appeal of the ruins and objects of the
past. Books explaining the country’s monumental heritage were produced.
Some of the earlier ones, such as those of the French author, Alexandre de
Laborde’s (1733–1842)Voyage pittoresque et historique en Espagne(1806) and
Itine ́raire descriptive de l’Espagne(1809), may have been more connected to
the routes of the Grand Tour. Yet, signiWcantly, there were soon translations of
theWrst work into Spanish, and high demand justiWed several editions. This
interest in the national past was more acute in countries where wealthy classes
represented a relatively high proportion of the population. The early Gothic
revival in Bruges (Belgium) from 1816–20 has been connected to patriotism
and the need of repair of churches damaged by the French Revolution as well
as its discovery by the British on their way to visit Waterloo (van Biervliet
2000: 100). In Britain internal tourism was also important. This was nothing
new, however, for from the eighteenth century travel within Britain was
frequently mentioned in the topographical literature, and visits to monu-
ments such as Stonehenge and Hadrian’s Wall and interest in Roman roads
became common (Sweet 2004: 36, 134, 141, 161). In 1825–6 Warwick Castle
pulled in six thousand visitors and the Tower Armouries in London expected
forty thousand visitors a year after they were opened to the public in 1828, a
Wgure that more than doubled over the following decades. Thornton Abbey,
330 National Archaeology in Europe