devoted one room toWnds from caves that completed its palaeontological
narrative. In the Archaeological Museum of Tarragona in Spain, from the
1870s if not before, displays were also organized along the lines of prehistory,
the Roman and medieval periods (Jaume Masso ́, pers. comm. 18.3.2004).
In addition to learned societies and local museums, the shift towards
the provinces was also to an extent seen in journals—many published by
the learned societies—and also in university teaching. In Southern France, for
instance, E ́mile Cartailhac directed the journalMate ́riaux... 5 from 1868–9,
as well as started teaching at the University of Toulouse in 1882 (Richard
1992: 199). In the revolutionary atmosphere of theWrst Republic in Spain
(1873–4), prehistory was taught at the University of Seville, but abolished
with the re-establishment of the monarchy (Ayarzaguena 1992: 20). In the
part of Poland belonging to Russia, Professor D. Ya. Samokvasov started
to teach archaeology within his remit of history of law in Warsaw University
from 1873 and unsuccessful attempts were made in the eleventh Russian
Archaeological Congress in Kiev (1898) to make archaeology a proper
university subject (Klejn & Tikhonov 2006: 199).
In the regions archaeology was the result of societies as well as the labour of
a few individuals, some of whom have already been mentioned. AWnal
example is that of Vasilij Ivanovich Zausailov in Kazan, Russia. As one of
his contemporaries explained:
His collection was started at the end of the 1870s. This was one of the most splendid
periods in the history of science and learning at Kazan. Ever since the times of the
Fourth All-Russian Archaeological Congress, scholarly interests were very much
revived here. A society of archaeology, history and ethnography was founded...In
those years, Kazan was the work place of Professor S. M. Shpilevskij [Shpilevsky],
Professor N. P. Zagoskin, Professor A. A. Stuckenberg... By 1884, his collections were
already so vast that he started publishing a pictorial atlas of them... Zausailov
increased his collection mainly by means of purchases from Tartar merchants, who
traded in this business professionally. But in some cases V. I. Zausailov himself
conducted small-scale excavations (for instance at Aisha in 1891). V. I. Zausailov
primarily collected objects representing primitive culture...
(in Salminen 1994a).In a few cases regionalism turned into nationalism: the discovery of the
country’s tradition aimed to emphasize not so much the peculiarities of
the national character in a particular region, but rather to demonstrate how
opposed its character was to that of the state into which it had been forced
5 Mate ́riaux pour l’Histoire naturelle et primitive de l’homme. The original name of the journal
edited by Gabriel de Mortillet wasMate ́riaux pour l’histoire positive et philosophique. It changed
in 1869.
Evolutionism and Positivism 383