Chapter 10. Comparative analysis of mango value chain models in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ghana 327
Figure 2. Schematic representations of three mango value-chain models
The level of explicit coordination varies from low in the traditional model (no fixed buyers) to high in the export
value-chain model, which usually includes formal and informal contracts between the lead firm and the producers.
Within these three broad types of value chains, there are additional explanatory factors which explain
differences in the development, structure and performance of value chains. The most important factors
are discussed below.^14
4.1 Degree of external interventions
Smallholder producers and other actors often lack the necessary resources to be included in value chains
and access emerging markets, and the markets may fail to efficiently provide or allocate goods or services.
Public actors such as governments, donors and NGOs can become involved by trying to remove these
constraints that hamper the development of value chains. Some common constraints and related external
interventions in the mango sector are listed in Table 4.
4.2 Level of internal resource exchange
Besides of the interventions from outside the chain, an actor can be supported by other actors within the
chain through the provision of resources such as information, skills or inputs. We call this internal resource
exchange where we define resources as all capabilities, inputs assets and services which can be used by
the smallholders in their farming business. Usually it is the buyer who provides these resources through
(^14) Factors such as the production system and capabilities at the supply base (e.g. training mango production),
were not included as explanatory factors of the chain model, since these often result from the value-chain model
rather than creating it (intrinsic growth).
(organised)
Farmers
(organised)
Farmers
Wholesale
Tradional Modern urban/
processing chain
Farmers
Local
market
Export
market
Low Level of explicit coordinaon High
modern
urban
market
Export value chain
Retail
proce-
ssing
Retail
Wholesale
Retail
Export
Sor ng/
grading
Wholesale