354 Rebuilding West Africa’s food potential
The demand for oil palm derivatives in Ghana and the sub-region is shown in Table 1. Palm oil as
vegetable oil (fat and margarine, refined cooking oil and edible oil) constitutes almost 61 percent of
the palm oil-related product demand in Ghana, and about 65 percent of the total demand in West
Africa. There is an insufficient supply of palm oil products in Ghana and the sub-region to meet demand
requirements. Ghana currently has a total of 305 758 ha of oil palm, more than 80 percent of which
is cultivated by private small-scale farmers. It is estimated that 243 852 tonnes of palm oil is being
produced and that Ghana currently has an unmet demand of 35 000 tonnes of palm oil.There are two main oil palm varieties cultivated in Ghana: the Dura and the Tenera. The bulk of the
smallholder holdings under oil palm are the Dura. However, the high level of unsaturation in the Dura
makes it nutritionally preferable to the Tenera. The oil from the Dura is therefore more preferred for
food. It is indicated that palm oil from red Tenera has higher palmitic acid content than red Dura palm oil
(RDPO), while oleic acid content is higher in the red Dura. Significant differences are observed between
palm oils from the red and yellow fruits of the same variety and the mean total fatty acid content of the
Dura is richer in unsaturated fatty acids than the Tenera varieties.^3 Since the level of saturation is affected
by the environment where the oil palm is grown, a careful selection of planting location is necessary, if
a high unsaturation to saturation ratio is desired. In addition, there are reported significant differences
in free fatty acid (FFA) content of palm oils from the red and yellow Dura and Tenera fruits. The FFA is
higher in the Dura red palm oil than in the Tenera red palm oil while essentially equal amounts have been
recorded for the yellow fruits of the two varieties.3.2 Palm oil and other oil palm products demand in Ghana and the Sub-regionIn 2010, Ghana imported about 112 000 MT of vegetable oil, of which almost 45 percent was palm oil
(crude and refined). (See Table 6 for Ghana exports and imports). At current population projections, about
260 000 MT were needed for consumption in 2011, of which about 160 000 MT “were estimated to be
produced locally, giving a shortfall of about 100 000 MT.(^3) Ekpa, O. D., Fabara, E. P. and Morah, F. N. I. (1994) Variation in Fatty Acid Composition of Palm Oils from Two
Varieties of the Oil Palm (Elaeisguineensis) J. Sci. Food Agric. 64 483-486;
Ekpa, O. D., Akpanabiatu, M. I., Amelio, M. and Rizzo, R (2001b) A Comparative Study of the Triglyceride and Fatty
Acid Compositions of Palm Oil from Plantations in South-Eastern Nigeria. Global J. Pure & Applied Sci. 7:61-65
Table 2. Sub-regional Production and Consumption of Palm Oil in 2007
Production Import Total
Supply
Export Food Other
Utility
Waste Consumption GAP
Benin 40 210 250 198 42 10 0 52 -12
Cameroun^17228200095996200 -28
Côte d'Ivoire^289629512118050185104
Ghana 109 170 279 92 62 135 0 197 -88
Guinea 50 29 79 0 61 18 0 79 -29
Liberia 44 16 60 0 49 11 0 60 -16
Nigeria 1 300 390 1 690 15 736 890 50 1676 -376
Sierra Leone^369450445049 -13
Togo^7152222222044 -37
TOTAL 2 047 873 2 920 428 1 291 1 195 56 2 542 -495
Source : FAOSTAT, 2011