286. identity
- Chakravorty Spivak 1990: 59–60.
- One cautionary note: Chakravorty Spivak can be unnecessarily dense and ob-
tuse when approached for the first time. Morton 2003 is a good stepping stone and
guide to her thought. He also provides a comprehensive bibliography of her works
updated to 2003 (including her famous 1985 essay “Can the Subaltern Speak? Specu-
lations on Widow-Sacrifice”). The origins of the theory of inner colonization, the
main plank of the “Frankfurt School” of critical theory, is to be found in the state-
ment of Marx that “it is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, on
the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness” (cited in Hanks
2002: 1). - Cf. Foucault 1972: 12, 126–31.
- Smith 1999: 44.
- Ibid., 137–39.
- Ibid., 176.
- See the eleven volumes published to date by the Subaltern Studies Group. See
also Hanks 2002. - I owe this discussion of Gandhian satyagrahato Mark Juergensmeyer (2002).
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