da Vinci, Leonardo ( 1452 – 1519 )
Codex Atlanticus, studies for the tiburio of Milan Cathedral, c. 1487 , Biblioteca Ambrosiana,
f. 851 recto, 28.223.7cm, InkIt is impossible to discuss a history of architectural sketches without an example from Leonardo da
Vinci, whose numerous sketchbooks reveal the genius of an architect, painter, sculptor, and inventor.
Although he built or finished very little architectural work, he proposed designs for domed, centrally
planned churches, fortifications, numerous mechanical inventions, and buildings in various scales
from chapels to palaces to cities. At an early age he started in the workshop of painter Andrea del
Verrochio. Throughout his career, Leonardo worked as a military engineer in Milan, in his own stu-
dio in Florence, and later in his life, on projects for King Louis XII in France. It was in Amboise,
France, where he died in 1519. His works that remain include extensive sketchbooks, some sculp-
ture, and paintings such as the Mona Lisa, Virgin of the Rocksand the fresco The Last Supperin San
Maria delle Grazie, Milan.
A consummate observer, Leonardo took an empirical approach to satisfy his curiosity about the
nature of the world, giving him the ability of ‘sight and insight’ ( Janson, 1970 ). He felt that experi-
ence is acquired by the senses and, subsequently, that seeing involved an active process. Feeling a
need to represent nature as he viewed it, his approach was opposed to that of universal beauty as dis-
cussed by Alberti. He viewed vision as the source of scientific truth (Barasch, 1999 ).
In 1487 Leonardo produced a model for the design of the dome of the Milan Cathedral. This
page from his sketchbook, Codex Atlanticus(Figure 1.2), presents some of the design process for the
tiburioof this cathedral. It shows the stacking of bricks or blocks to structure the light arches and
buttresses. Typical of Leonardo’s sketches, it is possible to view details of construction and connec-
tion, as the blocks are rendered with interlocking notches. As a design study, the sketch also displays
rough beginnings and alterations, showing a centerline and horizontals to guide proportions. Only
half of the construction has been detailed; Leonardo understood enough to move on to another
drawing or a model. Perhaps he rejected how the proposal was progressing, or the sketch had sim-
ply served its purpose and could be set aside.
This page (f. 851 recto) has numerous identical stippling marks as the page f. 850 recto. These marks
were presumably used as guidelines and also acted as identical templates to explore multiple vari-
ations for assembly and construction. The marks are in fact pinpricks that resemble the pounced
guidelines of a cartoon used to transfer a design onto a fresco. Leonardo was well aware of the trans-
fer techniques of cartoons using bilateral symmetry. It is evident that on other sheets from the Codex
Atlanticus, he folded the paper to prick guidelines through both sides of the paper to perceive a sym-
metrical whole (Bambach, 1999 ). Evidence of a similar technique can be viewed on this page; a
prominent crease down the center. The irregular spacing of the marks coincides exactly, strongly
suggesting that at least part of each sketch was pricked simultaneously, or possibly, the pages were
first folded and then pricked through all layers.^1 This points to an economy, in that Leonardo would
not need to recalculate the tiburio, but make minor alterations to the structural form or the stacking
of the blocks on identical sheets. In this way, one can view the architect/builder concerned with
the solidity of the structure as well as the artist, utilizing known transfer techniques.H5719-Ch01.qxd 7/15/05 3:17 PM Page 27