GTBL042-Calister-FM GTBL042-Callister-v3 October 12, 2007 12:
GTBL042-Calister-FM GTBL042-Callister-v3 October 12, 2007 12:
Revise Pages
Contents • xvii
7 Mechanical Properties 186
Learning Objectives 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Concepts of Stress and
Strain 188
ELASTICDEFORMATION 192
7.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 192
7.4 Anelasticity 196
7.5 Elastic Properties
of Materials 196
MECHANICALBEHAVIOR—METALS 199
7.6 Tensile Properties 200
7.7 True Stress and Strain 207
7.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic
Deformation 210
7.9 Compressive, Shear, and
Torsional Deformation 211
MECHANICALBEHAVIOR—
CERAMICS 211
7.10 Flexural Strength 211
7.11 Elastic Behavior 213
7.12 Influence of Porosity on the
Mechanical Properties of
Ceramics 213
MECHANICALBEHAVIOR—
POLYMERS 214
7.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 215
7.14 Macroscopic Deformation 217
7.15 Viscoelastic Deformation 218
HARDNESS ANDOTHER
MECHANICALPROPERTY
CONSIDERATIONS 222
7.16 Hardness 222
7.17 Hardness of Ceramic
Materials 228
7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness
of Polymers 228
PROPERTYVARIABILITY AND
DESIGN/SAFETYFACTORS 229
7.19 Variability of Material
Properties 229
7.20 Design/Safety Factors 232
Summary 233
Important Terms
and Concepts 235
References 235
Questions and Problems 236
8 Deformation and
Strengthening
Mechanisms 242
Learning Objectives 243
8.1 Introduction 243
DEFORMATIONMECHANISMS FOR
METALS 243
8.2 Historical 244
8.3 Basic Concepts of
Dislocations 244
8.4 Characteristics of
Dislocations 246
8.5 Slip Systems 248
8.6 Slip in Single Crystals 250
8.7 Plastic Deformation of
Polycrystalline Metals 253
8.8 Deformation by Twinning 255
MECHANISMS OFSTRENGTHENING IN
METALS 256
8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size
Reduction 257
8.10 Solid-Solution
Strengthening 259
8.11 Strain Hardening 260
RECOVERY,RECRYSTALLIZATION,AND
GRAINGROWTH 263
8.12 Recovery 264
8.13 Recrystallization 264
8.14 Grain Growth 269
DEFORMATIONMECHANISMS FOR
CERAMICMATERIALS 270
8.15 Crystalline Ceramics 271
8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 271
MECHANISMS OFDEFORMATION
AND FORSTRENGTHENING OF
POLYMERS 272
8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline
Polymers 272
8.18 Factors That Influence the
Mechanical Properties of
Semicrystalline Polymers 274
8.19 Deformation of
Elastomers 278
Summary 281
Important Terms and
Concepts 283
References 283
Questions and Problems 284
