GTBL042-Calister-FM GTBL042-Callister-v3 October 12, 2007 12:
Revise Pagesxviii • Contents9 Failure 288Learning Objectives 289
9.1 Introduction 289
FRACTURE 289
9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 289
9.3 Ductile Fracture 290
9.4 Brittle Fracture 293
9.5 Principles of Fracture
Mechanics 293
9.6 Brittle Fracture of
Ceramics 304
9.7 Fracture of Polymers 308
9.8 Impact Fracture
Testing 309
FATIGUE 314
9.9 Cyclic Stresses 315
9.10 TheS–NCurve 317
9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric
Materials 319
9.12 Crack Initiation and
Propagation 320
9.13 Factors that Affect Fatigue
Life 322
9.14 Environmental Effects 325
CREEP 326
9.15 Generalized Creep
Behavior 326
9.16 Stress and Temperature
Effects 328
9.17 Data Extrapolation
Methods 329
9.18 Alloys for High-Temperature
Use 331
9.19 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric
Materials 331
Summary 332
Important Terms and Concepts 334
References 334
Questions and Problems 33510 Phase Diagrams 339Learning Objectives 340
10.1 Introduction 340
DEFINITIONS ANDBASIC
CONCEPTS 340
10.2 Solubility Limit 341
10.3 Phases 34110.4 Microstructure 342
10.5 Phase Equilibria 342
10.6 One-Component (or Unary)
Phase Diagrams 343
BINARYPHASEDIAGRAMS 345
10.7 Binary Isomorphous
Systems 345
10.8 Interpretation of Phase
Diagrams 347
10.9 Development of Microstructure
in Isomorphous Alloys 351
10.10 Mechanical Properties of
Isomorphous Alloys 355
10.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 356
10.12 Development of Microstructure
in Eutectic Alloys 361
10.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having
Intermediate Phases or
Compounds 369
10.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic
Reactions 371
10.15 Congruent Phase
Transformations 372
10.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 373
10.17 Ternary Phase Diagrams 378
10.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule 378
THEIRON–CARBONSYSTEM 380
10.19 The Iron–Iron Carbide
(Fe–Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram 380
10.20 Development of Microstructure
in Iron–Carbon Alloys 384
10.21 The Influence of Other Alloying
Elements 391
Summary 392
Important Terms and Concepts 394
References 394
Questions and Problems 39411 Phase Transformations 400Learning Objectives 401
11.1 Introduction 401
PHASETRANSFORMATIONS
INMETALS 401
11.2 Basic Concepts 402
11.3 The Kinetics of Phase
Transformations 402
11.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium
States 413