Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, 3e

GTBL042-Calister-FM GTBL042-Callister-v3 October 12, 2007 12:19

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Contents • xix

MICROSTRUCTURAL ANDPROPERTY

CHANGES INIRON–CARBON

ALLOYS 414

11.5 Isothermal Transformation

Diagrams 414

11.6 Continuous Cooling

Transformation Diagrams 426

11.7 Mechanical Behavior of

Iron–Carbon Alloys 430

11.8 Tempered Martensite 434

11.9 Review of Phase

Transformations and Mechanical

Properties for Iron–Carbon

Alloys 437

PRECIPITATIONHARDENING 438

11.10 Heat Treatments 441

11.11 Mechanism of Hardening 443

11.12 Miscellaneous

Considerations 446

CRYSTALLIZATION,MELTING,ANDGLASS

TRANSITIONPHENOMENA INPOLYMERS

447

11.13 Crystallization 447

11.14 Melting 448

11.15 The Glass Transition 448

11.16 Melting and Glass Transition

Temperatures 449

11.17 Factors That Influence Melting

and Glass Transition

Temperatures 450

Summary 452

Important Terms and Concepts 454

References 454

Questions and Problems 454

12 Electrical Properties 460

Learning Objectives 461

12.1 Introduction 461

ELECTRICALCONDUCTION 461

12.2 Ohm’s Law 461

12.3 Electrical Conductivity 462

12.4 Electronic and Ionic

Conduction 463

12.5 Energy Band Structures in

Solids 463

12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band

and Atomic Bonding

Models 466

12.7 Electron Mobility 467

12.8 Electrical Resistivity of

Metals 469

12.9 Electrical Characteristics of

Commercial Alloys 471

SEMICONDUCTIVITY 474

12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 474

12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 477

12.12 The Temperature Dependence

of Carrier Concentration 481

12.13 Factors That Affect Carrier

Mobility 483

12.14 The Hall Effect 488

12.15 Semiconductor Devices 489

ELECTRICALCONDUCTION INIONIC

CERAMICS AND INPOLYMERS 496

12.16 Conduction in Ionic

Materials 497

12.17 Electrical Properties of

Polymers 497

DIELECTRICBEHAVIOR 498

12.18 Capacitance 498

12.19 Field Vectors and

Polarization 500

12.20 Types of Polarization 504

12.21 Frequency Dependence of the

Dielectric Constant 505

12.22 Dielectric Strength 506

12.23 Dielectric Materials 507

OTHERELECTRICALCHARACTERISTICS

OFMATERIALS 507

12.24 Ferroelectricity 507

12.25 Piezoelectricity 508

Summary 509

Important Terms and Concepts 511

References 511

Questions and Problems 512

13 Types and Applications of

Materials 516

Learning Objectives 517

13.1 Introduction 517

TYPES OFMETALALLOYS 517

13.2 Ferrous Alloys 517

13.3 Nonferrous Alloys 530

TYPES OFCERAMICS 540

13.4 Glasses 541

13.5 Glass–Ceramics 541